tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49333549549113518442024-02-07T16:27:12.913-08:00Ardy KristiantoArdy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-37411362271766226962015-01-02T15:07:00.004-08:002015-01-02T15:07:54.632-08:00Kenalan yuk sama : Valve<div style="text-align: justify;">
Valve untuk anak lulusan teknik kimia ataupun teknik mesin merupakan kata-kata yang sudah tidak asing lagi bagi mereka. Sudah dipastikan jika lulusan dari kedua jurusan tersebut tidak mengerti akan valve maka masa kuliahnya pasti kurang indah, bahkan apabila belum pernah sama sekali mendengarnya.. "ahhh tamatlah riwayatmu nak" (kata-kata itu yang pasti diucapkan oleh dosen gue pas zaman kuliah di perguruan tinggi negeri di Lampung).</div>
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Ya.. berbicara tentang valve atau yang biasa orang bekasi bilang "keran" (secara gue org bekasi) memang sangatlah seru, Alat ini didesign sedemikian rupa guna mengontrol banyaknya aliran fluida yang mengalir didalam suatu pipa sehingga sistem proses dapat berjalan sesuai dengan keinginan kita. Didalam dunia industri mulai dari industri makanan, kimia, otomotif, petrokimia, sampai oil and gas pasti menggunakan valve sebagai pengendali laju alir fluida prosesnya. di Indonesia sendiri terdapat beberapa jenis valve yang tersedia di pasaran seperti : ball valve, gate valve, globe valve, check valve, butterfly valve, dll. </div>
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Untuk mengetahui lebih jauh mengenai pemilihan dan penggunaan valve di dunia industri, dibawah ini akan saya bahas satu persatu secara detil mengenai jenis-jenis valve tersebut :</div>
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<b>1. Gate Valve</b></div>
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Gate valve merupakan jenis yang paling banyak digunakan di sistem perpipaan. Fungsi valve ini adalah membuka dan menutup aliran saja (on atau off) dan tidak bersifat mengatur besar kecilnya aliran (throttling). Gate valve mengontrol aliran melalui badan valve yang berbentuk pipa dengan sebuah lempengan atau baja vertical yang dapat bergeser naik keatas dan kebawah saat handle diputar.</div>
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Kelebihan : Memiliki resistan (halangan) yang sangat kecil saat valve dengan bukaan 100% sehingga pressure drop sangat kecil yang membuat aliran akan mengalir secara maksimal. </div>
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Kelemahan : Dalam keadaan setengah terbuka akan menyebabkan pengikisan di badan valve oleh fluida prosesnya dan turbulensi aliran yang menyebabkan getaran pada baja dan menghasilkan noise.<br />
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<b>2. Globe Valve</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIOLqxTAxSv7AqnlZZ0brGeuzoiPA0jaZLIZ7m_lq8gqQMnWG-4iiltcNXy4RpfSN9i8AoKY-2GttK8MVq5LN3oYKMoOHM_FMVtv6K8_ThuYknauCWvrUXzi4Ejjc3SQZUK14rmLgOcQ/s1600/globe-valve.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIOLqxTAxSv7AqnlZZ0brGeuzoiPA0jaZLIZ7m_lq8gqQMnWG-4iiltcNXy4RpfSN9i8AoKY-2GttK8MVq5LN3oYKMoOHM_FMVtv6K8_ThuYknauCWvrUXzi4Ejjc3SQZUK14rmLgOcQ/s1600/globe-valve.jpg" height="156" width="320" /></a>Globe valve digunakan untuk kondisi dimana besar-kecilnya aliran (throtting) diperlukan. dengan memutar handle valve ini, besarnya aliran yang melewati valve ini dapat diatur. </div>
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Kelebihan : dapat mengatur besarnya aliran</div>
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Kelemahan : Pressure drop didalam valve sangat besar sehingga sangat tidak disarankan untuk diinstal pada sistem yang menghiundari penurunan tekanan</div>
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<b>3. Angle Valve</b></div>
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Angel valve hampir sama dengan globe valve hanya saja valve jenis ini digunakan pada situasi dimana pengaturan besar-kecilnya aliran diperlukan (throttling). Biasanya angle valve dibuat 90oC guna mengurangi pemakaian elbow 90oC dan fitting tambahan. Valve jenis ini jarang digunakan didunia industri mengingat harganya yang mahal.</div>
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<b>4. Check Valve</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2bzv8RzA0nnLIME8Zy_ckuQpRDgxoKb5e4SS-jkn0YQai-UZpWL15TmBaemhD6r39tKR5FD56qDXr7CFjqdTfVodJ5pXE96vWq6IEO3DWmL3MLGnNpwzlg0chzRH4teTAtOI_lr9KA/s1600/Swing-Type-Check-Valve-Non-Return-Valve-Drawing-Dimensions-Diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw2bzv8RzA0nnLIME8Zy_ckuQpRDgxoKb5e4SS-jkn0YQai-UZpWL15TmBaemhD6r39tKR5FD56qDXr7CFjqdTfVodJ5pXE96vWq6IEO3DWmL3MLGnNpwzlg0chzRH4teTAtOI_lr9KA/s1600/Swing-Type-Check-Valve-Non-Return-Valve-Drawing-Dimensions-Diagram.jpg" height="200" width="183" /></a></div>
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Check valve merupakan jenis valve yang didesign sangat unik karena aliran hanya dapat mengalir dengan 1 arah (mencegah adanya aliran balik). Check valve tidak menggunakan handle untuk mengatur aliran namun dengan menggunakan tekanan yang berasal dari aliran fluida prosesnya. Biasanya valve jenis ini digunakan dengan tujuan sebagai pengaman sistem perpipaan. </div>
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Ada 2 macam jenis check valve yaitu :</div>
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1. Swing check = Biasanya dipasangkan dengan gate valve</div>
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2. Lift check = Biasanya digunakan untuk menggantikan ball valve sebagai ball check valve</div>
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<b>5. Ball Valve</b></div>
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Ball valve merupakan jenis valve paling sering kita temui di rumah tangga mengingat harganya yang sangat murah. valve ini menggunakan bola logam yang di bagian tengahnya ada lubang tembus fluida dan diapit oleh dudukan valve untuk mengontrol aliran.<br />
Kelebihan : Harga murah, cepat dalam membuka/menutup</div>
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Kelemahan : Tidak dapat mengatur laju alir fluida dengan ketelitian yang kecil<br />
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<b>6. Butterfly Valve</b></div>
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Butterfly valve menggunakan plat bundar (wafer) yang dioperasikan oleh ankle untuk posisi membuka atau menutup dengan sudut 90oC. Saat valve dalam keadaan tertutup, wafer akan tegak lurus dengan arah aliran sehingga aliran akan terbendung sedangkan saat wafer sejajar dengan aliran fluida berarti valve dalam keadaan terbuka.<br />
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Kelebihan : Pressure drop sangat minimal dan sangat cocok untuk mentransport jumlah fluida yang sangat besar<br />
Kelemahan : hanya dapat digunakan untuk fluida tekanan rendah</div>
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Demikian sedikit penjelasa tentang valve, semoga bermanfaat ya guys... ^-^<br />
Salam,<br />
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Ardy kristianto, S.T </div>
Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0Bekasi, Bekasi, West Java, Indonesia-6.2490276 106.99695229999998-6.5015586 106.67422879999998 -5.9964965999999995 107.31967579999997tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-53717847679058785812014-08-05T22:04:00.000-07:002014-08-05T22:04:12.146-07:00Process Control Industri Kimia<br />
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Sewaktu saya mengenyam bangku perkuliahan dulu (Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung), ada beberapa pelajaran yang mungkin saya sulit untuk dipahami dengan sekali belajar. salah satunya yaitu PENGENDALIAN PROSES.. yah meski saat itu yang mengajarkan langsung adalah dosen yang terkenal sangat hebat dalam memberikan dasar ilmunya yaitu Bpk ir.Azhar,M.T.</div>
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Pengendalan proses sendiri berguna untuk mengendalikan suatu proses dari ganguan lingkungan agar proses produksi tetap tercapai dan perusahaan akan mendapatkan profit setinggi mungkin.Sebagai contoh : proses reaksi A + B dapat menghasilkan produk (C+D) ataupun (E+F), target produksi kita adalah produk (C+D) maka kita harus menjaga proses reaksi dan jangan sampai keluar level yang kita inginkan agar tidak terbentuk produk (E+F). contoh lainnya misalnya ketika kita haur menjaga level ketinggian cairan yang berarti kita harus mengontrol bukaan valve inlet ketika pabrik sedang shutdown.</div>
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Untuk mengontrol semua contoh diatas dibutuhkan suatu sistem kontrol seperti gambar dibawah ini :</div>
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" width="640" /> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. <b>Measuring device</b> : Alat pengukur, misalnya thermocouple.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
2. <b>Controller</b> : Alat pemberi perintah dan akan bekerja selama masih terjadi error atau masalah, misalnya suatu sistem rangkaian elektronika.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
3. <b>Correcting Device</b> : Alat yang melakukan pembenaran suatu prosesnya dengan mengambil suatu tindakan, misalnya mengatur bukaan valve (biasanya sistem diatur secara cascade agar valve bekerja secara otomatis).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
4. <b>S.P (Set Point)</b> : Nilai yang diatur dalam sistem control</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
5. <b>e (error)</b> : Selisih antara nilai S.P dengan P.V (Present Point)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Untuk menambah pengetahuan , dalam proses kontrol di DCS room terdapat beberapa singkatan penting dalam mengontrol proses yang antara lain : </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- PV (Present Value) : Mengindikasikan niai real yang terjadi dilapangan, contoh 80<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup></b>C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- SV (Set Value) : Nilai yang telah diset di sistem DCS, contoh 75<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">o</span></sup></b>C</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- MV (Manipulated Value) : Nilai yang dimanipulasi agar SV=PV, misal mengubah bukaan valve steam. banyaknya perubahan disebut juga sebagai Kp (Konstanta perubahan)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
- Cascade : Sistem control yang terhubung antara 2 alat secara otomatis, misal ketika dari 3 line produk, 1 line sedang close maka untuk mejaga level konsentrasi, inlet line dibuat saling terhubung dengan masing masing perbandingan konsentrasi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Semua yang dijelaskan diatas akan dikontrol dengan suatu sistem elektronika yang bernama PID (proportional, integral, derivatif). Dibawah ini akan dijelaskan lebih lanjut mengenai sistem PID.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>1. Proportional Controller (P)</b><br />
Proportional
(P) akan mengontrol nilai MV dengan porposional dari konstanta Kp untuk mengeleminasikan error yang terjadi.<br />
E = SV-PV<br />
MV = (Kp) x (E)<br />
Pada umumnya pergerakan laju control P ditunjukan seperti gambar dibawah ini : <br />
<br /><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkQVR8s47vP9jRylEXcPmZpfjIBj-qHQT8BKyjybCWwjBv0HP7eKWYFDZ-IA-AF5eIIV0L8O1iR8UomIj8WGjKHhk20TmWs11YdaA9cgjoJh4C6xR1jo3qDdmR5jXl5CcEsQn-2JLnlx_A/s1600-h/kurva+pid.JPG"><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><img alt="" height="173" 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" width="400" /><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span>Dari grafik diatas dapat diketahui bahwa ketika nilai Kp besar akan terjadi oscilatting namun waktu untuk membuat keadaan normal (menghilangkan error) sangat cepat. cara ini biasa digunakan pada proses start-up karena mengejar waktu produksi. Sedangkan jika Kp kecil tidak akan terjadi oscilatting namun penghilangan error akan berjalan sangat lama.</div>
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<b>2. Integral Controller (P)</b><br />
Integral (I) akan mengontrol nilai MV dengan proporsi dari time-integral of error (TI) untuk mengeleminasikan error yang terjadi. Rumus dan grafik sistem konrol I adalah sebagai berikut :<br />
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /> <br />
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" width="400" /> <br />
<br />
Dari grafik diatas dapat diketahui bahwa ketika nilai Ti kecil akan
terjadi oscilatting namun waktu untuk membuat keadaan normal
(menghilangkan error) sangat cepat.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>3. Derivatif Controller</b><br />
Derivatif akan mengontrol nilai MV dengan proporsi dari rate of change in the error. dengan penambahan sistem kontrol D ini akan membuat pengememinasian error menjadi sangat cepat. Pada umumnya MV akan dikontrol dengan rumus seperti dibawah ini :<br />
<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" /><b> </b><br />
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<b><img alt="" height="183" 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" width="400" /> </b><br />
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Td disebut juga derivative time , yang dimana semakin tinggi nilai Td semakin cepat pengeleminasian error yang terjadi, sedangkan jika nilai Td nol maka sistem kontrol D tidak akan berfungsi.<br />
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Diatas merupakan sedikit tentang proses kontrol yang ada di pabrik kimia, semoga bisa membantu anda dalam belajar.<br />
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Ardy Kristianto, S.T (ardy_kristianto@ymail.com)<br />
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Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-17966567091569798352014-03-25T22:41:00.000-07:002014-03-25T22:41:07.022-07:00Rekruitment Tes di Hankook Tire Indonesia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5kX-dik0Jhyphenhyphen1hWiSsukwnVsUW9c98TQHua4wVSz7ISyKGDmDLA80s46n7SnVMR8e_AJjiC6vdwic8MSGIPTFTSzXZpgTqOJVgUT3ilk7u11TgwfFL3Q-fcrxegjbMDn7_oAyeW47QA/s1600/da.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz5kX-dik0Jhyphenhyphen1hWiSsukwnVsUW9c98TQHua4wVSz7ISyKGDmDLA80s46n7SnVMR8e_AJjiC6vdwic8MSGIPTFTSzXZpgTqOJVgUT3ilk7u11TgwfFL3Q-fcrxegjbMDn7_oAyeW47QA/s1600/da.jpg" height="210" width="320" /></a></div>
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Beberapa bulan yang lalu, tepatnya 5 bulan lebih 1 hari dari postingan ini dibuat. Saya pernah menjalani tes rekruitment di perusahaan global yang bergerak dibidang manufacturing tire. Perusahaan tersebut yaitu PT. Hankook Tire Indonesia yang memiliki brand dagang Ban Mobil HANKOOK. Perusahaan peringkat 5 dunia dibidang manufacture tire ini merupakan perusahaan penanaman modal asing yang berasal dari negeri gingseng alias Korea Selatan.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibU09ISBJxB8B46z2CyOSVaBVOOg7qQs-GXSVacJO7DllwIdXKYcW3XDpJyjOrIB5qXJH8NXPkNwpNdVh6CJoArJ2J5Z7br9rXWkvV_4GhnJNqPOUeYh5rbdz8bQNblaRlLajkHrl7Yw/s1600/s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibU09ISBJxB8B46z2CyOSVaBVOOg7qQs-GXSVacJO7DllwIdXKYcW3XDpJyjOrIB5qXJH8NXPkNwpNdVh6CJoArJ2J5Z7br9rXWkvV_4GhnJNqPOUeYh5rbdz8bQNblaRlLajkHrl7Yw/s1600/s.jpg" height="211" width="320" /></a></div>
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Perusahaan yang diresmikan oleh presiden Indonesia Bpk. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono tersebut berlokasi di daerah Kawasan Industri Delta Silicon 5 Cikarang dan menjadi perusahaan paling besar di wilayah tersebut mengingat lahan yang dimilikinya sangatlah luas. Demikianlah sekilas mengenai gambaran perusahaan ini, kita kembali lagi ngebahas tes rekrutment di perusahaan ini. Test disini merupakan pertama kalinya tes yang saya lakukan sampai tanda tangan kontrak dan bekerja disana.</div>
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Terdapat beberapa rangkaian tes yang harus dilalui jika ingin menjadi pegawai PT. Hankook Tire Indonesia yang diantaranya adalah :</div>
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<b>1. Tes Psikotes</b><br />
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Seperti tes psikotes biasanya, tes ini terdiri dari tes kepribadian, warteg dan kraeplin yang bisa</div>
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ngebuat jari tangan keriting. Untuk engineering akan ada tes tambahan tentang technicalnya, masing</div>
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masing jurusan memiliki soal tes yang berbeda, namun untuk jurusan teknik kimia soalnya sangatlah</div>
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mudah menurut versi saya, mungkin hanya sebatas pengetahuan dasar chemical, sifat gas nitrogen,</div>
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dan safety terlebih soal soal tersebut merupakan soal plihan ganda, jadi bagi yang bingung bisa itung</div>
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kancing. hehehehe</div>
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Pengalaman dulu terdapat beberapa orang yang mengikuti tes dengan background pendidikan yang</div>
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sama, mungkinada sekita 50 orang namun yang lolos mungkin hanya sekitar 20 orang.</div>
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<b>2. Interview User + HRD</b><br />
Interview ini dilakukan didalam ruangan meeting yang cukup besar, uniknya perusahaan asal korea<br />
ini melakukan interview berbarengan sekaligus dengan peserta lainnya (1 session interview ada<br />
sekitar 6-7 orang) namun tetap dengan bahasa inggris. Dalam tes ini kita akan disuruh menceritakan<br />
tentang diri kita dan kemampuan apa yang dimiliki oleh kita serta pengalaman kerja + alasan pindah<br />
kerja. Tips nih buat yang berminat masuk perusahaan ban nomor 5 dunia ini yaitu cerita aja semua<br />
kelebihan kita seperti kemampuan kita menggunakan beberapa software drawing. Nah kalau alasan<br />
kerja mungkin berbeda-beda karena sesuai dengan filosopinya masing masing.<br />
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<b>3. Interview Presiden Direktur</b><br />
Interview presiden direktur terbilang lebih mudah dibandingkan interview sebelumnya dikarenakan<br />
kita hanya menggunakan bahasa indonesia untuk berbicara dengan orang nomor satu di perusahaan<br />
tersebut. Disana akan ditanyakan mengenai motivasi kita mengapa ingin kerja di perusahaannya,<br />
harapannya berapa lama kerja disana, dan pesan saya jangan samapai bilang kita mau belajar<br />
diperusahaannya karena bisa fatal!!<br />
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<b>4. Medical Check Up</b><br />
JIka lolos dari interview akan menjalani tes medical check up di RS. Siloam CIkarang. Tes tersebut<br />
meliputi tes tensi darah, rontgent dada, jantung, tes darah, mata, badan. Lumayan lah untuk anda<br />
mengetes kesehatan gratis karena tersebut terhitung mahal. kalau tidak salah 1 paket tes tersebut<br />
sampai 1 jutaan.<br />
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<b>5. Sgin Contract</b><br />
<b> </b>Sign contract akan dilakukan di perusahaannya langsung. mengenai salary yang akan didapatkan<br />
tergantung dengan pengalaman kerjanya masing-masing. Namun untuk lulusan baru (fresh<br />
graduated) S-1 akan diberikan basic salary yang main diangka RP.3.000K dengan tambahan<br />
tunjangan makan + kehadiran untuk staff yang main diangka 700K . Mungkin kelebihan lainnya di<br />
PT. Hankook Tire akan menyediakan fasilitas Bus Jemputan AC yang nyaman (Star Bus) ditambah<br />
makan siang yang disediakan dikantor + makan malam untuk yang lembur sampai jam 7 malam.<br />
Jadi untuk yang rumahnya di Bekasi, Karawang bisa utuh pendapatannya. hehehe.<br />
Tapi tenang, untuk kalian yang pekerja keras, overtime tetap dibayar kok di PT. Hankook Tire dan<br />
bisa mencapai 2x lipat gaji untuk bagian technology mengingat semua masalah yang ada di pabrik<br />
merupakan sesuatu yang harus dipecahkan oleh tim technology<br />
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Diatas merupakan tahapan di perusahaan tempat saya pernah bekerja dan menimba sedikit ilmu mengenai maufacture tire. Semoga tulisan ini dapat menjadi gambaran untuk kawan kawan yang akan menjalani tes disana. Sukses tesnya dan semoga lolos ^^<br />
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Salam<br />
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Ardy KristiantoArdy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-18670497205365347122014-03-20T20:27:00.002-07:002014-03-20T20:49:40.507-07:00Tutorial PDMS 12 : Membuat Floor (Lantai)Hello para engineer<br />
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Balik lagi nih setelah lama tak bersua, akhirnya punya kesempatan lagi posting sesuatu yang mungkin bs jd bahan pembelajaran untuk kawan kawan engineer yg mau belajar tentang PDMS!!</div>
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Tapi ada yang beda nih dengan postingan PDMS sebelumnya, kali ini yang saya pakai PDMS 12 yang compatible dengan windows 7 (sebelumnya yang digunakan yaitu PDMS 11 yang compatible dengan XP). Perubahan itu dikarenakan windows XP yang bakal di tutup oleh microsoft beberapa waktu kedepan.</div>
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tapi tenang aja karena dasarnya PDMS 12 ga jauh beda kok dengan PDMS 11 :)</div>
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Nah untuk kawan kawan yang belum punya software PDMS 12 dan mau download software PDMS 12 bisa langsung sedot nih di link :</div>
1. <a href="http://cur.lv/6ibs1">PDMS 12 - AK</a><br />
2. <a href="http://binbox.io/AIZox#zf7CIsBl">PDMS 12 - Chem_eng_Univ_Lampung</a><br />
3. <a href="http://binbox.io/w5z57#rcTURUPR">PDMS 12 - Mirror</a><br />
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Pada posting kali ini saya mau share bagaimana cara ngebuat floor (lantai dasar) di software piping ini.</div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">1. Mengubah Design PDMS 12</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;"> Design --> Structure --> Wall and Floors</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWoCFfTl_fzzX0HTNV4cVJ5Ey3B48t8hT63UEQegoVWixpD24MGJOwNDhI4naSuSgJMz1gGYIMCZarxmBh81uDRGYlG8wIFkXVyZNk595GtuChL7RaRZ3_OkIVtt9Qd2y_J6HyhBCAiA/s1600/a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWoCFfTl_fzzX0HTNV4cVJ5Ey3B48t8hT63UEQegoVWixpD24MGJOwNDhI4naSuSgJMz1gGYIMCZarxmBh81uDRGYlG8wIFkXVyZNk595GtuChL7RaRZ3_OkIVtt9Qd2y_J6HyhBCAiA/s1600/a.png" height="452" width="640" /></a><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue;">2. Membuat Hierarki untuk Framework agar dapat membuat floor</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;"> A. Create Structure --> Create Framework</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="color: red;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;"> B. Create Compound --> Floor</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;"> C. Pengecekan Ulang Apakah Hierarki Sudah Benar Atau Belum</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue;">3. Membuat Floor</span></b><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b>A. Create --> Floor</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCHU9hwA9FMOyxo18g56-BI5hSS6V5zjg9FbtR9QUv6fe3BwsDkcjhIAr1ANI2joBwMcYPKj-oOraIEjdsx6dyG3fQDE0GRMEbbY-Y3CW6glUOHJOqnLR7IrSvG8bp6XLu8ehtIJs-g/s1600/d.png" imageanchor="1" style="font-weight: bold; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaCHU9hwA9FMOyxo18g56-BI5hSS6V5zjg9FbtR9QUv6fe3BwsDkcjhIAr1ANI2joBwMcYPKj-oOraIEjdsx6dyG3fQDE0GRMEbbY-Y3CW6glUOHJOqnLR7IrSvG8bp6XLu8ehtIJs-g/s1600/d.png" height="452" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b><b style="text-align: start;"><br /></b></b></span></div>
B. Setelah Klik Floor, akan muncul kotak dialog <b><span style="color: red;">Create Floor</span></b> seperti dibawah ini lalu isi ketebalan<br />
lantai yang diinginkan.<br />
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<b style="color: red; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: start;"> </b></b> C. Klik simbol <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">X,Y,Z </span>seperti contoh dibawh ini :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZNjDoEC-yCajqtpB3INUII5eV31feM024RltXLPu9EhixLgFt2KSSK2z81LX1S9I53C8I1ZCnq-15M_VQAFrYbqupuGLZgHRN9ICA4Xlqv79sWN7vxwzbpKxu7C0scQ7s9COIudrVaw/s1600/f.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZNjDoEC-yCajqtpB3INUII5eV31feM024RltXLPu9EhixLgFt2KSSK2z81LX1S9I53C8I1ZCnq-15M_VQAFrYbqupuGLZgHRN9ICA4Xlqv79sWN7vxwzbpKxu7C0scQ7s9COIudrVaw/s1600/f.png" height="337" width="400" /></a><br />
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<b> </b> D. Akan muncul kotak dialog :<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;"> Define Vertex </span>--> lalu klik <b><span style="color: red;">Apply (1 kali saja)</span></b><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span>Ingat...!!! 1x kali saja<br />
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E. Setelah anda mengklik 1 kali apply, maka akan ada perubahan di kotak dialog <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Create Floor.</span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span>Perhatikan kotak dialog dibawah ini :<br />
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<b style="color: red; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="color: red; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">PDMS akan mengidentifikasikan bahwa anda telah membuat satu buah sisi</b></div>
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F. Klik simbol panah yang dilingkari seperti gambar kotak dialog <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Create Floor </span>dibawah ini.<br />
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G. Akan muncul kotak dialog <b><span style="color: red;">Define Vertex</span></b> :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8j68WYhSqt2EasMDErrWPzitUC5HxRHlIfDfSzcjoLRJHFet178-Ll8VnJ80C7MRs_GEEqdqc93em6NWPTMzukAjj0pBNWU2fc5qDvEfr22h2_IEAOIywJe1Qea8sy6CjPYVkk50Sw/s1600/j.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM8j68WYhSqt2EasMDErrWPzitUC5HxRHlIfDfSzcjoLRJHFet178-Ll8VnJ80C7MRs_GEEqdqc93em6NWPTMzukAjj0pBNWU2fc5qDvEfr22h2_IEAOIywJe1Qea8sy6CjPYVkk50Sw/s1600/j.png" height="160" width="400" /></a></div>
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H. Sebelum membuat lantai berbentuk persegi, sebaiknya anda mempelajari terlebih dahulu arah-<br />
arah yang berlaku (Rule of PDMS) yang berlaku di software ini :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyakX9FFR7Lf20hHfzbB7og342kKHTIaFpyQYU-QnuHnKmgywPWJr879rVaQsDjPGTIuZ2V8nb1kNAbykjH7HdYm_fZTjXGslwtXflm4JwLzm02p7qIVp7_0V7dpjiylCBWZk3sVwt-w/s1600/k.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyakX9FFR7Lf20hHfzbB7og342kKHTIaFpyQYU-QnuHnKmgywPWJr879rVaQsDjPGTIuZ2V8nb1kNAbykjH7HdYm_fZTjXGslwtXflm4JwLzm02p7qIVp7_0V7dpjiylCBWZk3sVwt-w/s1600/k.png" height="246" width="400" /></a></div>
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Anda dapat merubah arah U, menjadi arah arah seperti
W,E,S,N. Selain itu juga anda dapat<br />
mengatur sejauh mana sisi yang akan anda
buat. Sebagai contoh, saya akan membuat sisi ke arah<br />
East (E) sejauh 7.500mm --><b><span style="color: red;"> Apply</span></b> :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBsKBcVMQqXFqLdzlJnlXQWHw9za_rSkSQz6VjOIm9thAz5YefdR8pfDL8T-BKPEASxy3jpkCRKF7VmTiSg2I_zMltGe7fgrdHCSsbkvJEjjGRW-zrKXqnrfOOvNdw7Jk0R1-y4R1Xg/s1600/a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxBsKBcVMQqXFqLdzlJnlXQWHw9za_rSkSQz6VjOIm9thAz5YefdR8pfDL8T-BKPEASxy3jpkCRKF7VmTiSg2I_zMltGe7fgrdHCSsbkvJEjjGRW-zrKXqnrfOOvNdw7Jk0R1-y4R1Xg/s1600/a.jpg" height="155" width="320" /></a></div>
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I. Kotak dialog <span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">Create Floor </span>akan mengidentifikasikan bahwa telah ada 2 buah sisi yang telah anda<br />
buat.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_a25B6k3VcPRD0512-nfti6GNoOTrwXTDf6QIfjf4X3adD8SIdbdaKfLFCH7ZoT5rjHZh2q3gjI_xIwF-vno31WjH9hI_h9tf8v3eFsdUsa0xOdcHY99ymx0eLG8bPzEN9gnsAwAIJQ/s1600/b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_a25B6k3VcPRD0512-nfti6GNoOTrwXTDf6QIfjf4X3adD8SIdbdaKfLFCH7ZoT5rjHZh2q3gjI_xIwF-vno31WjH9hI_h9tf8v3eFsdUsa0xOdcHY99ymx0eLG8bPzEN9gnsAwAIJQ/s1600/b.jpg" height="332" width="400" /></a></div>
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J. Pada layar PDMS 12 akan membentuk sambungan garis garis yang telah didefinisikan.</div>
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sambungan tersebut dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWvuldNIPLIzvUPPpIrBYDU803snjrExDRupiw8ba2dVPgh6hczZgUxPtiNx2MUzQmemfcW75-jSfi-q8soFugfZx7je4hV2BJ-YmQwDSAc3TMJIL8R7FUP5NnyatcX_XTql9YrW6-g/s1600/c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbWvuldNIPLIzvUPPpIrBYDU803snjrExDRupiw8ba2dVPgh6hczZgUxPtiNx2MUzQmemfcW75-jSfi-q8soFugfZx7je4hV2BJ-YmQwDSAc3TMJIL8R7FUP5NnyatcX_XTql9YrW6-g/s1600/c.jpg" /></a></div>
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K. Lakukan perubahan arah dan jarak kembali seperti dibawah ini :<br />
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L. PDMS 12 akan membaca sisi yang telah dibuat dan baru membentuk pola segitiga karena baru 3<br />
sisi yang dibuatnya.<br />
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M. Ubah kembali arah dan jaraknya sehingga membuat 4 buah sisi yang akan membentuk persegi :<br />
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N. PDMS 12 akan membaca sisi yang telah dibuat dan akan terbentuk sebuah lantai persegi yang<br />
dimensi persegi tersebut sama dengan yang telah diset sebelumnya :<br />
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O. Lalu pada kolom <b><span style="color: red;">Create Foloor</span></b> --> klik <b><span style="color: red;">Ok</span></b> :<br />
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P. <b><span style="color: red;">SELESAI..!!!!</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
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Nah buat kawan kawan yang mau liat hasilnyakalo disatuin dengan gambar tangki, pompa, pipa, valve,dll bisa liat dibawah ini penampakan lantai yang dibuat dengan langkah langkah diatas tadi :</div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Salam<br />
<br />
<br />
Ardy Kristianto<br />
Teknik Kimia - Universitas Lampung<br />
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Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-41236827465241740272013-12-14T00:53:00.000-08:002013-12-14T00:53:18.651-08:00Pengalaman Tes Kerja di PT. AKR Coorporindo<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWBWKUyZniHGEP2IB-w-1Q-z7PtQKCwFCsslZURuHpS-Khb_b4XhCoi6j8KBUVeI6r7J0WUvU4Szi7jNQBX521ZV4bL9ul3-BXSGJv_JU8VuLrajM7f9_hLd8zoz_NXi6TCS48I7v-w/s1600/r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWBWKUyZniHGEP2IB-w-1Q-z7PtQKCwFCsslZURuHpS-Khb_b4XhCoi6j8KBUVeI6r7J0WUvU4Szi7jNQBX521ZV4bL9ul3-BXSGJv_JU8VuLrajM7f9_hLd8zoz_NXi6TCS48I7v-w/s400/r.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Beberapa bulan lalu setelah saya diwisuda, saya langsung melakukan apa yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan sarjana lainnya yaitu mencari kerja. hampir semua pekerjaan yang menurut saya mempunyai prospek bagus, saya lamar di situs pekerjaan yang ada.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMzRHegfuLHSbWZwNYv3O2VW-UwfLFz_W9pzi2Z5FwF9kSDjyfQt-naXmuc00e-pVH0CuHWV470T0AGLSwej6a-K-6tmj6H4owycuY5hpvoyxW3lwV1O4G_dgbR1VT6PrZkaIW9YWxmQ/s1600/k.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMzRHegfuLHSbWZwNYv3O2VW-UwfLFz_W9pzi2Z5FwF9kSDjyfQt-naXmuc00e-pVH0CuHWV470T0AGLSwej6a-K-6tmj6H4owycuY5hpvoyxW3lwV1O4G_dgbR1VT6PrZkaIW9YWxmQ/s320/k.jpg" width="320" /></a>Tak lama dari itu semua, beberapa panggilan pun masuk melalui telepon seluler saya, salah satunya adalah perusahaan oil and gas PT.AKR yang berkantor pusat di jalan perjuangan Jakarta Barat. melalui telepon tersebut saya ditanya beberapa pertanyaan dan pertanyaan paling sulit adalah ketika ditanya , apakah anda merokok? saya langsung bilang merokok. lalu ditanya sebanyak apa anda merokok, saya jawab tergantung kemauan saya. lalu HR dari PT. AKR langsung memberikan jadwal untuk wawancara disana. </div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Bebeapa hari setelah telepon itu , akhirnya saya berangkat dari Bekasi menuju Jalan perjuangan ke wisma AKR. Seperti kebanyakan perusahaan oil and gas lainnya, hampir semua karyawannya menaiki mobil untuk berangkat kerja yang menyebabkan saya tergiur untuk masuk dan gabung disana.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBFktJbNYlx28EoFJj-sjVdJgJ_2J4I2MsS70KXaXBm2H87gkZNtHdQ2XrDqSAuNqcPnu9EH9vq4SQksEmprL8z0MqQRP57x213M153PDGF2w3yq2BJKMiopGb0NQiaUGqbVWYWvt7Q/s1600/AKR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlBFktJbNYlx28EoFJj-sjVdJgJ_2J4I2MsS70KXaXBm2H87gkZNtHdQ2XrDqSAuNqcPnu9EH9vq4SQksEmprL8z0MqQRP57x213M153PDGF2w3yq2BJKMiopGb0NQiaUGqbVWYWvt7Q/s200/AKR.jpg" width="131" /></a></div>
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Pukul 08,00WIB teng pun saya sampai dilantai 4 wisma AKR, dan bertemu HR. disana saya melakukan tes psikolog yang tak jauh berbeda dangan lainnya namun tanpa si Kraeplin yang membuat tangan bisa loyo. Tes pun selesai, saya yakin kalau saya bisa menjawab 90% lebih pertanyaan psikotesnya. stelah itu saya melakukan tes psikotes, seperti pada saat saya ditelepon beberapa hari lalu, saya kembali ditanya apakah anda merokok, dan saya pun menjawab dengan lugas bahwa saya merokok. Lalu HR mengatakan bahwa akan dihubungi lagi mengenai hasil tes dan psikotes pun usai. Setelah menunggu beberapa hari , PT tersebut tidak memanggil saya lagi dan akhirnya saya sadar bahwa mungkin karena saya seorang perokok, saya tidak termasuk kriteria yang dimaksud. </div>
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Dari kejadiaan tersebut saya mulai berpikir bahwa kalau saya tetap merokok saya tidak akan menjadi orang yang maju , orang yg bisa meraih impian saya dan orang yang sehat tentunya. dan dengan hati yg iklas akhirnya saya katakan berhenti merokok. alhamdulillah sudah 4 bulan berlalu dan saya sudah tidak tergolong perokok lagi. Dari sini dapat saya sarankan untuk para pembaca blog saya khususnya perokok, sapat mencoba berhenti untuk merokok secara perlahan lahan demi hidup yang lebih baik lagi.<br /></div>
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Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-65435685553473086732013-12-13T23:40:00.001-08:002013-12-13T23:40:18.897-08:00Akhirnya Terbit KembaliSetelah 1 tahun vakum untuk menulis catatan catatan kehidupan , akhirnya pada tanggal ini. yah tanggal 14 Desember 2013 akhirnya saya kembali lagi akan menulis catatan ringan saya di blog saya ini. pada awalnya saya akan bercerita tentang pengalaman hidup saya selama 1 tahun kebelakang yg menjadi root causes mengapa blog ini stagnan dan berhenti.<br />
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Selama 1 tahun terakhir saya fokus untuk mengerjakan penelitian (yg biasa dibilang oleh mahasiswa mahasiswa tingkat akhir sebagai SKRIPSI), yah skripsi untuk mereka yang BUKAN anak teknik kimia khususnya teknik kimia Universitas Lampung (UNILA). karena di teknik kimia UNILA skripsi sebenarnya adalah TUGAS AKHIR PERANCANGAN PABRIK). Dengan susah payah akhirnya penelitian saya tentang degrdasasi limbah cair kelapa sawit menggunakan reaktor UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) akhirnya rampung. bahkan bukan itu saja saya berhasil menembus jurnal international di UGM. Mesipun dibalik semua itu ada cerita tentang kegagalan saya tentang penelitian.<br />
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Maksud kegagalan dalam penelitian saya adalah penelitian pertama saya, penelitian tentang bioetanol menggunakan proses vakum gagal dilaksanakan padahal saya sudah melakukan seminar usul namun kendala teknis menjadi masalah. kendala yg sangat saya sayangkan sekali karena masalah alat penelitian yg tidak dipinjamkan oleh LABORATORIUM BIOMASSA Fakultas MIPA UNILA. meskipun dibawah 1 naungan instansi UNILA, namun Lab Biomassa tsb tdk memberikan izin "secara halus" utk melakukan penelitian padahal jauh hari sebelum seminar usul Dr. John Hendri memberikan lampu hijau terkait peminjaman alat.<br />
Namun semua itu hanya bualan belaka, ketika semua surat sudah jadi , seminar usul telah dilakukan, ternayata Lab Biomassa UNILA mennola secara halus dgn cara : MEMINJAMKAN ALAT DENGAN HARGA Rp.50.000/Hari , uang itu hanya peminjaman alat saja belum termasuk biaya biaya lainnya yg harus dibayaran. Yah ini suatu tamparan besar utk dunia pendidikan indonesia. Universitas Negeri namun kualitas sistem seperti luar negeri (Swasta).<br />
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Bangkit dari keterpurukan , akhirnya saya menyusun ulang penelitian dengan topik degradasi limbah cair CPObersama partner saya Ricky Alexander, S.T. dan bimbingan dari dosen paling baik di jurusan saya (Versi saya) Ibu Panca Nugrahini, S.T.,M.T.<br />
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Penelitian sudah terlewatkan, saatnya kini saya menghadapi TUGAS AKHIR perancangan pabrik. Seperti namanya, tugas akhir merupakan akhir perjuangan saya di jurusan teknik kimia UNILA. Perancangan pabrik sodium phenolate trihydrate dengan kapasitas kecil ini membawa saya menjadi seorang sarjana teknik kimia di pertengahan tahun 2013 kemarin dan membawa saya kembali ke Kota asal saya (Bekasi) dan mencari kehidupan baru sebagai seorang engineer tentunya disana.<br />
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Sekarang saatnya untuk saya membagi pengalaman saya, cerita saya, kemampuan saya untuk dishare kembali diblog saya ini. dan selamat menikmati kembali blog saya ini.<br />
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Ardy Kristianto, S.T.<br />
<br />Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-34460953581556603372012-08-08T11:17:00.002-07:002013-05-04T08:42:04.043-07:00Tutorial Pembuatan Pondasi dengan I-beam pada software PDMSPosisi alat pabrik yang letaknya harus di atas ketinggian tertentu dibutuhkan pondasi agar dapat menopangnya dari gaya gravitasi bumi. Untuk itulah sangat penting bagi para <i>Engineer </i>mengetahui bagaimana cara membuat pondasi di <i>Plant Design Management System</i> (PDMS) .<br />
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<i> </i>Dengan sedikit ilmu yang saya miliki , mudah mudahan dapat membantu teman teman<i> Engineer </i>yang belum mengerti bagaimana cara membuat pondasi. Berikut akan saya berikan modul belajar sederhana bagaimana cara membuat pondasi alat pabrik pada sofware <i>Plant Design Management System</i> (PDMS) :</div>
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1. Ubah format design : Design --> Structure --> Beams adn Coloums</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7iLAzBKQcqNBlSi6uamVgK_HfTNDrbosNEto2HZBEIWG9dzJfOXTTQy2ucE2qyQrBoh1APHa9wHl0HCTXcW1c9nCKDYR63pYCCUpQCAvKxV5DhEcjoOqRY0NSo2yDAfHZRhuL562SGg/s1600/1.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7iLAzBKQcqNBlSi6uamVgK_HfTNDrbosNEto2HZBEIWG9dzJfOXTTQy2ucE2qyQrBoh1APHa9wHl0HCTXcW1c9nCKDYR63pYCCUpQCAvKxV5DhEcjoOqRY0NSo2yDAfHZRhuL562SGg/s640/1.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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2. Buat Site : Create --> Site</div>
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3. Setelah kita membuat Site, kita buat sub unit dari Site yaitu Zone : Create --> Zone (gambar sama</div>
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dengan No.2 diatas)</div>
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4. Buat Structure : Create --> Structure</div>
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5. Buat Framework : Create --> Framework</div>
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Setelah kita buat tahap 2,3,4,5 .. akan didapatkan gambar seprti dibawah ini : perhatikan lingkaran warna</div>
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MERAH disebelah kiri foto</div>
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6. Buat tiang penyangga pondasi : Create --> Section --> Straight</div>
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7. Setelah tahap 6 dibuat, selanjutnya akan muncul gambar seperti dibawah ini :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-QbXPrj2sXjoBQECCRvyFdWXmFEWHnqXS8itNwbIPjqS_pzO8a5UZzRO7DnX9-9nUrXUEG9cGCeyoHMlI8Yo2nGQBYdAFSWzJ5UclMZ5lG9q1Uj0Bd3CdTejIZwnfqvrrgulLie6v2A/s1600/6.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-QbXPrj2sXjoBQECCRvyFdWXmFEWHnqXS8itNwbIPjqS_pzO8a5UZzRO7DnX9-9nUrXUEG9cGCeyoHMlI8Yo2nGQBYdAFSWzJ5UclMZ5lG9q1Uj0Bd3CdTejIZwnfqvrrgulLie6v2A/s640/6.bmp" width="640" /></a></div>
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8. Klik gambar yang dilingkari dibawah ini :</div>
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Setelah mengklik tanda yang dikotak merah --> akan muncul gambar seperti disampingnya . biarkan<br />
semua nilai didalm kotak itu 0 semua --> ok</div>
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9. Akan muncul kotak seperti dibawah ini : Klik tanda yang dilingkari dan diisi distancenya , misalkan 5.000</div>
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--> lalu Ok</div>
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10. Pada kotak Positioning Control : Rubah pilihan menjadi "Any dan Distance" --> klik kotak merah<br />
dipojok kanannya</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_-KRGbN_Ky-VzUjR06TljRpiQJMTtRfMPry9Kc_PqiKemN24BlTHESdRYcQDSu3abj2e_cbeKD0724iVj0xaq8K43ephPoAOx1QstSImMQ7cZ3RhsAK0Mf9dQnYgL5-NL4S4gHx_cXg/s1600/12.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_-KRGbN_Ky-VzUjR06TljRpiQJMTtRfMPry9Kc_PqiKemN24BlTHESdRYcQDSu3abj2e_cbeKD0724iVj0xaq8K43ephPoAOx1QstSImMQ7cZ3RhsAK0Mf9dQnYgL5-NL4S4gHx_cXg/s320/12.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
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11. Setelah mengklik kotak merah diatas : akan muncul kotak baru dan silahkan isi sesuai jarak yang<br />
diinginkan antar tiang pondasinya. Misalkan 5000 untuk arah East (E)<br />
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12. Setelah mengisi jarak yang diinginkan, lalu klik gambar dibawah ini dan isi distancenya. misalkan 5.000 :<br />
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13. Buat List untuk tiang yang sudah kita buat tadi : klik gambar --> add list --> klik SCTN (ada disebelah<br />
kiri) --> add CE --> (ceklis) highlight<br />
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Setelah itu tulis nama list.... misalkan : Ardy_Kristianto :</div>
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Klik CSTN 1 yang ada di kotak sebelah KIRI :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijxHwZRttSlKtrvWtSq5x0C3vpEKEHnUowHMmgts8ja7HHbOuq9hZt1aBjVfwWt7pYcrgJRCeFcqR0OwdSAYwK5uQlTYmfPNr8rSY_4pvb5GyQCJU2ugkmKiHsQDorE7odYRrSBwdoQ/s1600/18.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjijxHwZRttSlKtrvWtSq5x0C3vpEKEHnUowHMmgts8ja7HHbOuq9hZt1aBjVfwWt7pYcrgJRCeFcqR0OwdSAYwK5uQlTYmfPNr8rSY_4pvb5GyQCJU2ugkmKiHsQDorE7odYRrSBwdoQ/s400/18.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
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Lalu Add CE :</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIu8JX361st2aHTgOYMJAz6zxEo32xTgmbwmVCwTrWuVWfSIoQU6jQzkxZ04YmXVrrT4-0_FfaVGF-HPRDhZB4EI2Iny9yIeMzn4LMMBqLzYVmuDBeu499ZivXJZs-k_ciFIkSiZg94A/s1600/19.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIu8JX361st2aHTgOYMJAz6zxEo32xTgmbwmVCwTrWuVWfSIoQU6jQzkxZ04YmXVrrT4-0_FfaVGF-HPRDhZB4EI2Iny9yIeMzn4LMMBqLzYVmuDBeu499ZivXJZs-k_ciFIkSiZg94A/s400/19.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
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Ulangi untuk CSTN 2 juga</div>
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Selanjutnya Ceklis Highlihght dan Control --> Save</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIG6eDDpfm2Kd4xHS6EDjcrqJ5fcOqaq55oLPFvXXtSH0FAXq28ypNxWSiWmlj4-73ARU3NkDkLxiWL7stn_E6Xt49QRRTlat4p86k1ZuZf2Oorhnfmgq9xFdubtnOxAcu8MTs6NK0Q/s1600/20.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyIG6eDDpfm2Kd4xHS6EDjcrqJ5fcOqaq55oLPFvXXtSH0FAXq28ypNxWSiWmlj4-73ARU3NkDkLxiWL7stn_E6Xt49QRRTlat4p86k1ZuZf2Oorhnfmgq9xFdubtnOxAcu8MTs6NK0Q/s400/20.bmp" width="400" /></a></div>
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14. Modify --> Section --> Spesification : Untuk memunculkan tiang yang sudah dibuat</div>
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Note : rubah pengaturan seperti pada kotak dibawah ini</div>
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15. Setelah itu akan muncul gambar tiang pondasi yang telah kita atur tinggi dan jaraknya. berikut merupakan</div>
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penampakan dari tiang yang sudah kita buat :</div>
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Berikut merupakan tahapan membuat tiang pondasi untuk alat, untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara membuat pondasi secara utuh seperti gambar dibawah ini, tunggu aja yah ^-^... SALAM TEKNIK KIMIA !!!!!</div>
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Writer : Ardy Kristianto ( Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung)</div>
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Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-28301079323918150442012-08-08T10:10:00.001-07:002012-08-08T10:10:37.904-07:00PDMS<i>Plant Design Management System</i> atau yang biasa disebut dengan PDMS merupakan software 3-Dimensi yang dapat digunakan untuk merancang suatu proyek. Proyek yang biasa dipakai yaitu pendirian suatu pabrik minyak & gas, pabrik farmasi, pabrik polimer, dll.<br />
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Software ini memiliki keunggulan yaitu dapat mengimplementasikan rancangan pabrik yang telah dibuat oleh seorang <i>Engineer </i>ke dalam bentuk 3 dimensinya, misalkan posisi peralatan yang akan ditaruh pada saatpendirian awal pabrik, posisi gedung, dan posisi lainnya yang termasuk kedalam perancangan suatu pabrik.</div>
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Sebagai seorang <i>Engineer </i>, khusunya dari bidang <i>Chemical Engineer s</i>eyogyanya diperlukan kemampuan akan software ini agar dapat menjelaskan perancangan yang telah dibuat kepada para investor yang akan menanamkan sahamnya untuk pabrik yang telah dirancang olehnya.</div>
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berikut merukan contoh gambar dari perancangan pabrik <i>Sodium Phenolate</i> yang telah dibuat :</div>
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<br /></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-53303797010843349082012-07-22T15:38:00.000-07:002012-08-11T12:05:18.621-07:00Inter Tour Indonesia 2012Salah satu tm kebanggan kita yaitu INTERNAZIONALE telah datang ke INdonesia untuk bisa bertemu dengan lamgsung para INteristi di Indonesia. Berikut video yang didapat pada saat INTER VS INDONESIA SELECTION :<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwkSeoWkEPH5AT5KlKe3QEhE_43V069C3pm30Szyxn2IwQX9dH7OljGS9GRaJDsk42pPsD5tBaIinG-va0xrQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dx3NuoizbJ2S1CBh4xMsRatqw-uViiyNPSCeKFciocXKIubjGtUub_MeUmnwj48vkcJAv5j5DCGOKPlzZLlmQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyB29wbTpPLGqBz9eY7zaStNlTscku1ffnCegIsQ9k9ckqB52uR-Qq3AlY5pfqiv20xaA4old0WvfpPYhs2gA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwmbY47zH0IITyJkfChk-3PIWpUWRf4SRnAG84mIqHLgBPMSrlPNo4reA-Sgjb-9I_DsijONYod_CBSQ5arJw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe><object class="BLOG_video_class" contentid="UPLOADING" height="266" id="BLOG_video-UPLOADING-2" width="320"></object></div>
<br />Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-32550056047876673652012-06-28T03:25:00.000-07:002012-06-30T03:38:31.303-07:00Optimasi Grate Cooler di PT.Semen Baturaja<br />
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Proses
yang digunakan oleh </span><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 11pt;">PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero) dalam menghasilkan semen yaitu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;"> proses kering</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">. Proses kering</span><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 11pt;"> yaitu proses yang produksinya dilakukan dengan
pencampuran bahan baku utama berupa Batu kapur dan Tanah liat dengan bahan baku tambahan berupa pasir besi dan
pasir silika di dalam <i>vertical mill</i>,
dan kemudian mengalami proses penggilingan dan pengeringan, dilanjutkan dengan
proses pembakaran dan pendinginan produk yang dihasilkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;">yang dinamakan terak </span><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 11pt;">(<i>clinker</i>). Lalu t</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 11pt;">erak</span><span lang="PL" style="font-size: 11pt;"> tersebut kemudian ditambahkan
gypsum sesuai dengan standar yang nantinya akan digiling dengan <i>cement mill</i> yang natinya akan
menghasilkan produk utama berupa Semen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Dari beberapa proses diatas, salah satu proses yang dapat menentukan baik atau
tidaknya kualitas semen yang dihasilkan yaitu proses pendinginan terak hasil
keluaran kiln secara mendadak atau yang biasanya disebut dengan <i>Quenching</i>. Proses tersebut terjadi
didalam <i>Grate C</i>o<i>oler </i>dengan menggunakan 12 <i>Fan
</i>untuk mendinginkan terak yang menggunakan udara <i>ambient </i>yang memiliki suhu 30</span><sup><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">o</span></sup><span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">C. Tujuan dilakukannya proses <i>Quenching </i>itu sendiri agar menghasilkan semen dengan kandungan C<sub>3</sub>S
yang baik sehingga nantinya akan menghasilkan semen dengan kuat tekan yang
baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 11pt;">Mengingat pentingnya proses
pendinginan tersebut maka diperlukan evaluasi terhadap kinerja alat <i>Grate Cooler </i>yaitu mengenai efisiensi
alat tersebut agar proses <i>Qenching </i>tetap
berjalan dengan baik. Dari perhitungan neraca massa dan neraca energi di sistem
<i>Grate Cooler</i> didapatkan nilai
efiseiensi dari alat tersebut yaitu sbesar 72,616 %. Efisiensi tersebut masih
belum terbilang baik karena masih menghasilkan suhu keluaran klinker dari <i>Grate Cooler</i> diluar <i>range</i> suhu yang diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Pada <i>Grate Cooler</i> sediri terjadi proses
pendinginan klinker yang keluar dari kiln dengan menggunakan udara pendingin
yaitu udara <i>ambient</i> yang dialirkan
oleh dua belas <i>Fan Draft Force </i>yang
ada di sekitar <i>Grate Cooler</i>. Stelah
proses pendinginan tersebut, klinker akan melewati <i>crusher</i> yang akhirnya akan diolah lebih lanjut untuk dijadikan
semen dengan kualitas yang baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 0in .25in 22.5pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan jumlah udara pendingin yang diperlukan ini sangatlah penting
dilakukan karena banyaknya udara pendingin yang masuk akan menentukan suhu
keluaran klinker dari </span><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">Grate Cooler</i><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><span lang="SV">.
</span></i><span lang="SV" style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">dari perhitungan neraca
massa dapat diketahui bahwa untuk
mendinginkan 177890 kg klinker/jam dengan suhu 1400</span><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">o</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">C menjadi
160</span><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">o</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">C diperlukan sekitar 390970.8911 kg/jam udara pendingin denga
suhu 30</span><sup style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%;">o</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;">C.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 603px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 48.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-top: 30.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>No<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.7pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: -.7in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Input<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 75.3pt;" valign="top" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: -.7in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-cluster;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 37.65pt;" valign="top" width="50"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.8pt;" valign="top" width="89"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.7pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.2in; margin-right: .4in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Output<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.2in; margin-right: .4in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 47.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Material<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Kg/h<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Material<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Kg/h<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 47.45pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa
Klinker masuk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
177<span lang="IN">.</span>890<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
31<span lang="IN">,</span>27129402<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa Klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
177<span lang="IN">.</span>890<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
31.27127736<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa
Udara<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
390<span lang="IN">.</span>970<span lang="IN">,</span>8911<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
68.72870598<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa udara Tersier<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
129<span lang="IN">.</span>415<span lang="IN">,</span>7906<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
22.74999766<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa
Udara sekunder<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
99<span lang="IN">.</span>931<span lang="IN">,</span>30034<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
17.56692006<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa Udara Raw mill<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
114<span lang="IN">.</span>040<span lang="IN">,</span>3988<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
20.04715803<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.65pt;" valign="top" width="37"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.75pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" valign="top" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
Massa Udara EP<o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
47<span lang="IN">.</span>583<span lang="IN">,</span>18686<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
8.364646884<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 52.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" width="111"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251669504;"><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: -2px; width: 42px;"><img height="3" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/ardy/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="42" /></span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>568</b><b><span lang="IN">.</span>860</b><b><span lang="IN">,</span>8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>100<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 56.7pt;" width="76"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>568</b><b><span lang="IN">.</span>860,8<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 52.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext; mso-border-right-alt: black; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: windowtext; mso-border-width-alt: .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.0pt;" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: 131.9pt; mso-element-top: 233.3pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<b>100<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 0in .25in 22.5pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;">
Dari perhitungan neraca massa,
didapatkan perbandingan neraca panas bahwa panas yang masuk ke sistem
<i>Grate Cooler</i> dan yang keluar yakni sebesar
28453971,6 kj/jam sehingga menghasilkan nilai efisiensi alat sebesar 72.616 %.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 0.2in; width: 591px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<b>No<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 197.4pt;" width="263"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Input<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 203.4pt;" width="271"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Output<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Material<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>kJ/h<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Material<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>kJ/h<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>%<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 57.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>1</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
272589414.2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
95.8964312<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>3</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
110130560.8<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 57.95pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
38.74371928<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>2</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
11664557.42<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
4.10356885<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>4</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
87814515.02<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
30.89297733<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 66.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>5</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
54409504.55<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
19.14115896<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>6</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
16577886.47<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
5.832068548<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="FR">∆</span><span lang="IN">H</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>7</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
15126050.9<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
5.321315588<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 60.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.15pt;" width="56"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN">Q</span><sub><span lang="IN"> </span>8</sub><o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
195453.86<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 60.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
0.068760292<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 66.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 97.7pt;" width="130"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Total<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>284253971.6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>100<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.55pt;" width="74"></td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>284253971.6<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 66.65pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.95pt;" width="99"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>100<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 0in .25in 22.5pt 37.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
Hasil diatas menunjukan bahwa dengan
nilai eisiensi sebesar 72.616 % , kinerja alat dari <i>Grate Cooler</i> di PT. Semen Baturaja (Persero) masih terbilang kurang
baik karena dengan nilai efisiensi 72.616 % masih menghasilkan suhu keluaran
klinker yang masih tinggi yakni sebesar 160<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">˚</span>C mengingat suhu klinker yang baik
berkisar antara 80<sup>o</sup>C - 120<sup>o</sup>C.</div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk mengatasi besarnya suhu keluaran klinker yang
keluar dari <i>Grate Cooler</i>, dapat
dilakukan dengan mengubah variabel yang mempengaruhinya yaitu laju alir massa
dari udara pendinginnya sehingga dapat mengubah suhu keluaran klinker menjadi sebesar
80<sup>o</sup>C - 120<sup>o</sup>C</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>PERHITUNGAN OPTIMASI GRATE COOLER :</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -36px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">I. </span></span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 24px; text-indent: -36px;">Perubahan Laju Alir Massa Udara Pendingin Untuk Mendapatkan suhu keluaran klinker yang diinginkan</b></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br />a.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; text-indent: -0.25in;">
</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Menghitung
persentase M</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">udara sekunder , </sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">M</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">udara
tersier, </sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">M</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">udara<i> RawMill</i>, </sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">M</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">udara
<i>Electrospitatic</i></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i> precipitator</i>
(EP) </sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">dengan mengacu pada nilai M</span><sub style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">udara
pendingin </sub><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">dari perhitungan pada lampiran B.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in;">
% M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
(M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>/ M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>) x 100%<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 99931,30034 / 390970,8911<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 25,56 %<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in;">
% M<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
(M<sub>udara tersier</sub> / M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>) x 100%<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 129415,7906 / 390970,8911<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 33,10 %<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in;">
% M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> / M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>) x 100%<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 114040,3988 / 390970,8911<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 80.65pt;">
= 29,17 %<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.75in; text-indent: 5.4pt;">
% M<sub>udara EP </sub>=
(M<sub>udara EP</sub> / M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>) x 100%<sub><o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 1.2in;">
= 47583,18686 / 390970,8911<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 1.2in;">
= 12,17 %<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .55in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 1.2in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span>Nilai M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> untuk tiap suhu keluaran klinker digunakan
untuk menghitung besarnya laju alir massa masing-masing komponen laju
alir udara yang keluar dari <i>Grate Cooler </i>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 120ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> = 405667,0953
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 405667,0953 x 0,2556
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 103688,5096
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 405667,0953 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 134275,8086 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 405667,0953 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 118333,0917
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 405667,0953 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 49369,6855 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 103688,5096
x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 114271241
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 134275,8086 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
92528188,73 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
118333,0917 x 1,035 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
56457579,59 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
405667,0953 x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
=
17200299 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 280652762,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12103016,45 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub> = 284692430,7 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 4039668,432 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 4039668,432 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 22,708</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: .75in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar : 405667,0953
kg/jam agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 120ºC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 100ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> =
406699,4009 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 406699,4009 x
0,2556 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 103952,3669
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 406699,4009 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 134617,5017 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>=
(M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 406699,4009 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 118634,2152
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 406699,4009 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 49495,31709 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 103952,3669
x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 114562028
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 134617,5017 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 92763646
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 118634,2152
x 1,036 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 56601248
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 49495,31709
x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
=
17244069 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 281366445 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12133815 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
= 284723229 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 3356784,3 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 3356784,3 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 18,87</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar : 406699,4009 kg/jam
agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 100ºC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 80ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> =
407725,8979 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 407725,8979 x
0,2556 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 104214,7395
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 407725,8979 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
=
134957,2722 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 407725,8979 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 118933,6444
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 407725,8979 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 49620,24177 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
104214,7395 x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
1148551179 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
134957,2722 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 92997779
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
118933,6444 x 1,036 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 56744108
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
49620,24177 x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
=
17287592 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 282076112 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12164440,52 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
= 284753854,7 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 2677742,59 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 2677742,59 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 15.0528</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar 407725,8979
kg/jam agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 80ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 50ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> =
410136,7352 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 410136,7352 x
0,2556 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 104830,9495
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 410136,7352 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 135755,2594 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 410136,7352 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 119636,8857
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 410136,7352 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 49913,64068 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 104830,9495
x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 115530282
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 135755,2594 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 93547664
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 119636,8857
x 1,036 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 57079629
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 49913,64068
x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
= 17389812
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 283742841 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12236367,48 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
= 284825781,7 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 1082940,95 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 1082940,95 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 6,0877</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar 410136,7352 kg/jam
agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 50ºC<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 10ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> = 411446,3875
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411446,3875 x
0,2556 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 105165,6966
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411446,3875 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 136188,7543 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411446,3875 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 120018,9112
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411446,3875 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 50073,02536 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 105165,6966
x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 115899194
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 136188,7543 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 93846382
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 120018,9112
x 1,036 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 57261896
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 50073,02536
x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
= 17445341
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 284648267 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12275440,76 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
= 284864855 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 216588,191 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 216588,191 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 1,21754</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar 411446,3875 kg/jam
agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 10ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .8in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -12.6pt;">
<b>6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Untuk suhu
keluaran klinker sebesar 0ºC</b> :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub> =
411773,8003 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 130.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
sekunder </sub>= ( %M<sub>udara sekunder</sub> <sub> </sub>x
M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411773,8003 x
0,2556 <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 105249,3833 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara
tersier </sub>= (M<sub>udara tersier</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin </sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411773,8003 x 0,331<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 136297,1279 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= (M<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i></sub> x M<sub>udara
pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411773,8003 x 0,2917<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 120114,4175
kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
M<sub>udara EP </sub>= (M<sub>udara EP</sub> x M<sub>udara pendingin</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 112.5pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
= 411773,8003 x 0,1217<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 71.3pt; margin-right: 156.25pt; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 72.7pt;">
= 50112,87149 kg/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menghitung kapasitas panas dan laju
alir panas dari semua komposisi yang masuk kedalam ataupun keluar<i>.</i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara sekunder </sub>=
M<sub>udara sekunder </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Usek</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 105249,3833
x 1,088 x (1012 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 115991422
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara tersier </sub>=
M<sub>udara tersier</sub>x Cp x (T<sub>Uter</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 136297,1279 x 1,054 x (653,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 93921061
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara<i> RawMill</i> </sub>= M<sub>udara<i> RawMill </i></sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U
RW</sub> – T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 120114,4175
x 1,036 x (460,48 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
= 57307463
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in 112.5pt; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>udara EP </sub>=
M<sub>udara EP </sub>x Cp x (T<sub>U EP</sub>
– T<sub>ref</sub>)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
=
50073,02536 x 1,024 x (340,12 -0)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 108.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
= 17459224
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Q<sub>heat</sub>
<sub>lose </sub>= 195453,86
kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 1.5in;">
Total Q<sub>out</sub>
tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= 284874623,3 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
masuk </sub> = 272589414,2 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 112.5pt;">
Q<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> = 12285209,07 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt; tab-stops: 85.5pt 99.0pt 112.5pt; text-indent: 9.35pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
= 284874623,3 kj/jam<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Menerapkan persamaan energi pada
suatu sistem pada kasus ini :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Total Q<sub>in</sub>
– (Total Q<sub>out</sub> tanpa Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>
+ Q<sub>klinker keluar</sub>) = 0</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 35.65pt;">
Q<sub>klinker
keluar </sub>= 0,21658814 kj/jam</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 13.15pt;">
Sehingga :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>= M<sub>klinker keluar </sub>x Cp x
dt</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
∫ Cp dt =
Q<sub>klinker keluar </sub>/ M<sub>klinker keluar<o:p></o:p></sub></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 0,21658814 / 177890</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 99.0pt;">
= 1,2175 x 10<sup>-6</sup></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
Sehingga didapatkan M<sub>udara
pendingin </sub> sebesar 411773,8003
kg/jam agar didapatkan suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 0ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<o:p><br /></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .25in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<b>II.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></b><b>Perubahan
Laju Alir Massa Udara Sekunder, Tersier, <i>Raw
Mill, Electrospitatic Precipitator</i> (EP) Untuk Mendapatkan suhu keluaran
klinker yang diinginkan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
Setelah
mendapatkan data mengenai laju alir massa udara pada tiap keluaran suhu yang
diinginkan diatas, tahap selanjutnya yaitu mendapatkan suhu keluar dari Udara
Sekunder, Udara Tersier, Udara <i>RawMill</i>,
Udara EP dengan menggunakan solver pada microsoft Excell.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 120ºC :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 31.65pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 27.0pt 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -4.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Membuat <i>constraint</i>
suhu untuk setiap keluaran udara yang keluar dari <i>Grate Cooler </i>:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
Suhu udara
sekunder = 800ºC
- 1100ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
Suhu udara tersier
=
500ºC - 800 ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 300ºC
- 500ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 45.35pt;">
Suhu
udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
100ºC - 250ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
sekunder = 916,1734781ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
tersier = 645,6774547ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 426,1207691ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
152,0300688ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 100ºC :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
sekunder = 949,336949ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
tersier = 687,263278ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 462,123383ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 31.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.7pt;">
Suhu
udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
166,882836ºC</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 31.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 27.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 80ºC :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
sekunder = 954,3806085ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara
tersier = 693,5878495ºC</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.0pt 58.5pt; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>=
467,5993654ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
169,1417181ºC</div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 50ºC :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
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Suhu udara
sekunder = 960,5126819ºC</div>
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Suhu udara
tersier = 701,2772394ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 474,2564865ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
171,8880567ºC</div>
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<br /></div>
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5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 10ºC :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
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Suhu udara
sekunder = 971,08951ºC</div>
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Suhu udara tersier
= 714,54022ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 485,73895ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>elctrospitatic precipitator</i> =
176,62505ºC</div>
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<br /></div>
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6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Untuk
suhu keluaran klinker sebesar 0ºC :</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 45.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span>Menggunakan data seperti perhitungan (1) diatas
dan <i>constraint</i> suhu yang diolah
dengan aplikasi <i>solver</i>, akan didapatkan suhu udara yag keluar dari masing-masing
komponen sebagai berikut :</div>
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Suhu udara
sekunder = 973,678835ºC</div>
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Suhu udara
tersier = 717,787146ºC</div>
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Suhu udara <i>raw mill </i>= 488,549983ºC</div>
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<o:p><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Suhu udara </span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">elctrospitatic precipitator</i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">=</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">177,784717ºC</span></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -31.5pt;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -31.5pt;">III. Grafik Perbandingan Laju Alir Massa Udara
Pendingin Terhadap Perubahan Suhu Keluaran Masing-Masing Komponen di <i>Grate Cooler</i></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOaBNyqkmyoh_iktgLHP4qgzHyhzqMnBZPIH62J8x0ML8XQqP44lRFyssZJifQgv9DJV9oZzsc4dWKwPAkh810oJNtfsW9qULDOSw8nxIP-CIfAB0wIrbAH70v72Ytw8YLU04yYZCsdQ/s1600/optim.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOaBNyqkmyoh_iktgLHP4qgzHyhzqMnBZPIH62J8x0ML8XQqP44lRFyssZJifQgv9DJV9oZzsc4dWKwPAkh810oJNtfsW9qULDOSw8nxIP-CIfAB0wIrbAH70v72Ytw8YLU04yYZCsdQ/s320/optim.bmp" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 9px; line-height: 24px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-43932073124136760152012-06-27T22:25:00.002-07:002012-06-28T02:50:36.381-07:00Prediksi Semifinal Euro 2012 antara Jerman vs ItaliaPertandingan semifinal antara jerman vs itali memang akan ditunggu oleh para pecinta sepak bola di dunia. pertandingan ini menyisakan sejarah pahit bagi tim jerman yang hampir selalu terjerembab kejurang kekalahan dari tim Italia. Namun pada euro 2012 ini ceritanya berbeda karena tim jerman kali ini memiliki kualitas permainan yan sangat baik hal itu terlihat dari grafik prestasi tim ini yang belum terkalahkan sejak babak penyisihan grup, hal itu berbeda dengan Italia yag harus terseok-seok di babak penyisihan grup dan baru bisa memastikan tiket ke babak knock-out di pertandingan penyisihan grup pamungkas melawan Irlandia.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1bi_Zbfc3qK7_xdYGpga4Txy_tTERwLCzjEw9G7uKdKLlx-OHep_t5TRazNaBwrfMfgghmsL2Zl7rFiqBP6GZOUbIcJQ3rp4ws6YfeM7V6CPi8cuK3SsqX9_zhAtJavAyb8yWiHXn0A/s1600/Jerman-vs-Italia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1bi_Zbfc3qK7_xdYGpga4Txy_tTERwLCzjEw9G7uKdKLlx-OHep_t5TRazNaBwrfMfgghmsL2Zl7rFiqBP6GZOUbIcJQ3rp4ws6YfeM7V6CPi8cuK3SsqX9_zhAtJavAyb8yWiHXn0A/s320/Jerman-vs-Italia.jpg" width="320" /></a>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Kondisi tim jerman kali ini cukup baik mengingat tidak adanya pemain yang absen malam ini. Namun berbeda dengan Italia yang harus kehilangan Maggio akibat akumulasi kartu kuning dan kondisi De Rossi yang belum fit. meskipun dua pemain italia terebut diperkirakan tidak akan bermain, Tiago Motta dan Chielinni dikabarkan telah pulih dan siap untuk menggeser posisi Montolivo dan Bonucci yang diturunkan pada saat melawan Inggris.<br />
<br />
Pertandingan antara kedua tim ini dipredikasi akan berjalan alot mengingat ciri khas italia yang selalu bermain dengan gaya Catenacionya dan jerman yang dari kemaren selalu bermain hati-hati. Mengenai pengusaan bola tim jerman lebih diunggulkan untuk dapat melebihi pengusaan Italia namun hal tersebut belum tentu memastikan siapa tim yang akan lolos ke Final Euro 2012 melawan Spanyol.</div>
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Diperkirakan pertandingan ini akan mengikuti dua pertandingan Euro terkahir yang berakhir dengan drama adu penalti. Siapakah yang terbaik antara Manuel Nuer (jerman) atau Gianluigi Buffon (Italia) jika benar adu penalti tersebut akan terjadi?<br />
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Prediksi Skor antar kedua tim oleh Ardy Kristianto : Jerman 0-0 Italia<br />
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Head to Head:</strong>10 Feb 2011 : Jerman 1 – 1 Italia (Friendly Match)<br />
5 Jul 2006 : Jerman 0 – 2 Italia (Piala Dunia 2006)<br />
1 Mar 2006 : Italia 4 – 1 Jerman (Friendly Match)</div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5 Pertandingan terakhir Jerman: </strong><br />
23 Jun 2012 : Jerman 4 – 2 Yunani (EURO 2012)<br />
18 Jun 2012 : Denmark 1 – 2 Jerman (EURO 2012)<br />
14 Jun 2012 : Belanda 1 – 2 Jerman (EURO 2012)<br />
10 Jun 2012 : Jerman 1 – 0 Portugal (EURO 2012)<br />
1 Jun 2012 : Jerman 2 – 0 Israel (Friendly Match)</div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">5 Pertandingan terakhir Italia: </strong><br />
25 Jun 2012 : Inggris 0 – 0 Italia (EURO 2012)<br />
19 Jun 2012 : Italia 2 – 0 Irlandia (EURO 2012)<br />
14 Jun 2012 : Italia 1 – 1 Kroasia (EURO 2012)<br />
10 Jun 2012 : Spanyol 1 – 1 Italia (EURO 2012)<br />
2 Jun 2012 : Italia 0 – 3 Russia (Friendly Match)</div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Prediksi Susunan Pemain Jerman vs Italia:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Jerman</strong> (4-2-3-1): Neuer – Boateng – Hummels – Badstuber – Lahm – Schweinsteiger – Khedira – Muller – Ozil – Podolski – Gomez<br />
Pelatih : Joachim Low (Jerman)</div>
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<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Italia</strong> (4-3-1-2): Buffon – Abate – Barzagli – Chiellini – Balzaretti – Marchisio – Pirlo – De Rossi – Montolivo – Cassano – Balotelli<br />
Absen : Christian Maggio (Akumulasi Kartu)<br />
Pelatih : Cesare Prandelli (Italia)</div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-68322894728446108712012-06-27T22:05:00.001-07:002012-06-28T01:25:49.998-07:00Spanyol lolos ke final euro 2012Pertandingan alot antara spanyol dengan protugal harus diakhiridengan adu penalti setelah selama 120 menit tidak ada gol dalam pertandingan tersebut. drama adu penalti tersebut menyisakan isak tangis dari Coentrao yang terpukul akibat kekalahan tersebut.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9vpgLYs0tD6RWY735f7cL4-ali_4n9MafAG2lMZWEbqwSSxDNhjC2uPbjbSCb06-gmSFRORR9ubMOwYagMBuK2AtdpISBstlJ_gI6zpjScb_anrM9NatiRQwF9EhdMko7X3nrsDXYA/s1600/portu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc9vpgLYs0tD6RWY735f7cL4-ali_4n9MafAG2lMZWEbqwSSxDNhjC2uPbjbSCb06-gmSFRORR9ubMOwYagMBuK2AtdpISBstlJ_gI6zpjScb_anrM9NatiRQwF9EhdMko7X3nrsDXYA/s1600/portu.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Adu penalti antara kedua tim sebenarnya berjalan sangat sengit namun kesigapan Iker Casillas mampu membawa timnya lolos ke FInal Euro 2012. Adu penalti tersebut berakhir dengan skor 4-2 untuk kemenangan Spanyol. dimana pada adu penalti tersebut penendang pertama dari masing-masng tim gagal mengeksekusi dengan baik yaitu Xabi Alonso dan Jao Moutinho. berlainana dengan dua pemain tersebut secara berturut-turut Iniesta, Gerard Pique, Luis Nani, Sergio Ramos, Pepe, dan Cesc Fabregas mampu mengeksekusi dengan baik namun nasib baik tidak melakat pada Bruno Alves yang sepakannya mentah oleh tiang gawang sehingga memastikan gagalnya portugal melaju ke final euro 2012.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7o5W2e0DMgtGMuHcHLdacDVld3e6iziACrP5BLMDeawEbquk6OXBHBLt23HtwU-xnZ_SPSRe8l-hN6HFD5H88g6AmLEJApKgr4EK48LGQuyO1T-mLu1IAphgMMLtcTS5X0Tz-5rvrQ/s1600/spain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF7o5W2e0DMgtGMuHcHLdacDVld3e6iziACrP5BLMDeawEbquk6OXBHBLt23HtwU-xnZ_SPSRe8l-hN6HFD5H88g6AmLEJApKgr4EK48LGQuyO1T-mLu1IAphgMMLtcTS5X0Tz-5rvrQ/s1600/spain.jpg" /></a>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Di final nantinya spanyol akan berhadapan dengan tim pemenang antara Jerman vs Italia yang akan bermain sehari setelah Spanyol bermain lawan Portugal. akan seru dinantikan siapa yang akan mengangkat tropi euro 2012, apakah juara bertahan Spanyol akan membawa pulang kembali tropi tersebut atau juara baru akan keluar di euro 2012 ini.</span><br />
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<br />Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-30990636202770251982012-06-27T21:35:00.002-07:002012-06-30T03:42:31.151-07:00Tim Mahasiswa dari Teknik Kimia Unila Juara Umum IFDC-INDFEST 2012 di UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS<div style="text-align: left;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Kimia Unila kembali mencetak prestasi membanggakan di tingkat nasional pada acara Industrial Festival (INDFEST) 2012 yang diselenggarakan oleh Universitas Andalas Padang. Pada sub-acara <em>Indonesian Factory Design Competition</em> (IFDC) dua tim delegasi yang mengikuti acara tersebut berhasil mengangkat trofi Juara I dan Juara III. <strong>Tim Koneksi </strong>yang beranggotakan tiga orang mahasiswa Teknik Kimia, yaitu Oky Satria Nugraha (’08), Iffah Fitria (’08), dan Alfi Mardiahnur Ramadanti (‘08), serta satu orang mahasiswa Teknik Mesin Dimas Kusuma Putra (’08) berhasil mendapatkan Juara I. Sedangkan, <strong>Tim Teknik Kimia</strong> yang keempat anggotanya adalah mahasiswa Teknik Kimia, yaitu Reo Aditya Mahesa (’08), Rido Nicolas (’08), Ricky Alexander (’08), dan Ardy Kristianto (’08) berhasil mendapatkan juara III. Adapun untuk Juara II berhasil direbut mahasiswa Teknik Industri Universitas Surabaya.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilS-89_fXDy1Q19T3WwxZ4YysXpwwcIn7dCgafa49VFAnsUqThytnuIO2aiInV9VPSbJoF3qxRaJX_yUPX_9nrhiL8qByE51tOIDyRbIFuNyAVN7H2Hhi8TJn_k76vCVFvtGMhFLTd5g/s1600/tekim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilS-89_fXDy1Q19T3WwxZ4YysXpwwcIn7dCgafa49VFAnsUqThytnuIO2aiInV9VPSbJoF3qxRaJX_yUPX_9nrhiL8qByE51tOIDyRbIFuNyAVN7H2Hhi8TJn_k76vCVFvtGMhFLTd5g/s320/tekim.jpg" width="320" /></span></a><span style="background-color: white;"><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Indonesia Factory Design Competition</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> (IFDC) adalah salah satu rangkaian acara Industrial Festival 2012 yang diselenggarakan oleh Himpunan Mahasiwa Teknik Industri Universitas Andalas. IFDC adalah kompetisi perancangan pabrik tingkat nasional. IFDC pada tahun 2012 ini mengusung tema “<em>Green Factory for A Better Future”.</em> Acara Grand final dilaksanakan pada 4 Mei 2012 di Aula Gedung Pusat Kegiatan Mahasiswa Univesitas Andalas’</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Grand Final IFDC yang dilaksanakan pada </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">awal Mei lalu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">diikuti oleh 8 tim dari PTN dan PTS </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">dari</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">seluruh Indonesia setelah </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">lulus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">seleksi </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">tahap penilaian proposal. Tim Koneksi mengusung judul proposal “<em>Prarancangan Pabrik Sodium Alginate dari Alga Cokelat (Sargassum sp) Kapasitas 30.000 Ton/Tahun)</em>”. Tim lainnya, yaitu <strong>Teknik Kimia</strong> mengusung judul proposal “<em>Prarancangan Pabrik Sodium Phenolate Dari Phenol dan Sodium Hydroxide dengan Kapasitas 3.000 Ton/Tahun</em>”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Melalui persaingan yang cukup ketat di <em>Grand Final</em>, Tim koneksi mampu merebut juara I mengalahkan tim dari Universitas Surabaya yang mendapatkan Juara II. Sedangkan Tim Teknik Kimia juga dengan membanggakan mampu merebut Juara III.</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;"> Dengan kemenangan dua tim ini, Tim Dari Teknik Kimia Unila menjadi Juara Umum.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">Prestasi yang berhasil diraih adalah awal yang baik untuk Jurusan Teknik Kimia kedepannya. Diharapkan keberhasilan ini dapat mengangkat percaya diri mahasiswa Teknik Kimia, bahwa kami mampu bersaing dengan PTN/PTS lain di seluruh </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">I</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">ndonesia dengan prinsip “semakin padi berisi semakin merunduk”.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">(link ini dapat dilihat <a href="http://ft-kimia.unila.ac.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:tim-mahasiswa-dari-teknik-kimia-unila-juara-umum-ifdc-indfest-2012-di-universitas-andalas&catid=1:berita&Itemid=22">disini</a>)</span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-91057586898310196122012-06-27T21:33:00.002-07:002012-06-30T03:42:09.476-07:00Mahasiswa Teknik Kimia Unila Juara II LRPTN 2012 di ITB<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Prestasi membanggakan dipersembahkan oleh mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Kimia Unila. Tim mahasiswa yang terdiri atas Dedi Irawan (’08) dan Muhammad Ahdan (‘09) di bawah dosen pembimbing Heri Rustamaji S.T., M.Eng., berhasil mendapatkan Juara II pada Lomba Rancang Pabrik Nasional (LRPTN) 2012 untuk kategori <em>Problem Solving</em>. Sementara itu, Juara pertama untuk kategori ini diperoleh oleh Tim mahasiswa ITB dan Juara III diperoleh oleh Tim mahasiswa Universitas Indonesia. Acara Grand final dilaksanakan pada 25-26 April 2012 di Aula Barat Institut Teknologi Bandung.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Lomba Rancang Pabrik Tingkat Nasional (LRPTN) merupakan kompetisi tertinggi tingkat mahasiswa untuk disiplin ilmu Teknik Kimia di Indonesia yang dapat diikuti oleh seluruh mahasiswa Teknik Kimia se-Indonesia. LRPTN 2012 kali ini mengusung tema ”Pegembangan Industri Bahan Kimia Adi dan Khusus (<em>Fine and Specialty Chemical</em>) Sebagai Upaya Diversifikasi Industri Indonesia”.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">LRPTN 2012 terdiri dari tiga kategori yaitu Kategori A dengan tema “Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia Melalui Pengembangan Produk Bahan Kimia Adi Berbasiskan Teknologi Hijau”, Kategori B dengan tema “Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia Melalui Pengembangan Industri Bahan Kimia Khusus Berbasiskan Teknologi HIjau”, dan Kategori C <em>Problem solving</em> PT. Krakatau Steel dengan judul “Upaya Meminimalkan Deposit Karbon Di <em>Tube Fired Heater</em>”.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">LRPTN 2012 kali ini diikuti oleh sekitar 72 tim dari seluruh PTN dan PTS seluruh Indonesia yang diseleksi melalui tahap penilaian proposal. Pada LRPTN 2012 Jurusan Teknik Kimia Unila di bawah Dosen Pembimbing Heri Rustamaji, S.T., M.Eng., mengirimkan dua tim, yaitu Tim Kategori B (kode B-06) beranggotakan Ardy Kristianto, Ricky Alexander, dan Iffah Fitria dengan judul proposal “Prarancangan Pabrik <em>Sodium Phenolat</em> dari <em>Phenol</em> dan <em>Sodium Hidroxide</em>” dan Tim Kategori C (kode C-10) beranggotakan Dedi Irawan dan Muhammad Ahdan dengan judul proposal “Menghambat Reaksi<em>Cracking</em> CH4 pada <em>Tube Fired Heater</em> dengan Menurunkan Fraksi CH4 untuk Meminimalkan Pembentukan Deposit Karbon”. Namun pada tahap penyeleksian Proposal kelompok B-06 memeroleh peringkat ke-4 dengan nilai 78,06 dan kelompok C-10 memperoleh peringkat ke-1 dengan nilai 80,1. Peserta dengan nilai peringkat tiga besar akan masuk ke <em>Grand Final</em>. Sehingga hanya kelompok C-10 yang lolos dan masuk <em>Grand Final</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Melalui kompetisi yang cukup ketat di <em>Grand Final</em>, kelompok C-10 mampu merebut juara II mengalahkan tim dari Universitas Indonesia. Juara I direbut oleh tuan rumah dari Institut Teknologi Bandung. Walaupun kelompok C-10 memiliki nilai proposal tertinggi pada tahap penyeleksian proposal, hal ini tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan, mereka harus bersaing dengan peserta lainnya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Heri Rustamaji dalam siaran persnya hari ini (30/4) menyatakan, ajang ini membuktikan bahwa kualitas mahasiswa Teknik Kimia Unila mampu bersaing dengan mahasiswa Teknik Kimia dari universitas besar di Pulau Jawa. Ini semua berkat kerja keras para staf dosen Teknik Kimia Unila dalam menggembleng para mahasiswanya.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Namun tidak berbangga diri, masih banyak kekurangan yang harus diperbaiki. Kepercayaan diri mahasiswa Teknik Kimia Unila untuk berkompetisi dengan mahasiswa teknik kimia di Indonesia lain masih kurang. Belum banyak partisipasi mahasiswa Teknik Kimia Unila di ajang kompetisi keilmuan yang diselenggarakan pemerintah maupun lembaga instansi dan swasta lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">(link berita ini dapat dilihat <a href="http://ft-kimia.unila.ac.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86:mahasiswa-teknik-kimia-unila-juara-ii-lrptn-2012-di-itb&catid=1:berita&Itemid=22">disini</a>)</span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-68133748801648098032012-06-27T21:29:00.001-07:002012-06-30T03:41:46.112-07:00SEMINAR NASIONAL TEKNIK KIMIA 2012 BERJALAN SUKSES<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Issue </span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">akan ketersediaan sumber energi yang kian menipis di Indonesia sudah berlangsung dari 10 tahun terakhir hingga saat ini, namun belum ada langkah yang pasti untuk menanggulangi krisis tersebut. Sumber energi terbarukan sebenarnya dapat digunakan sebagai pemecahan masalah tersebut, namun keberadaannya belum dapat dikelola secara maksimal. Berbasis keprihatinan tersebutlah Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Kimia (HIMATEMIA) Universitas Lampung (Unila) pada </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">elasa</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> 24 April 2012 yang dimulai pada puluk 09.00 WIB bertempat di Auditorium Perpustakaan Unila mengadakan Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia dengan mengusung tema “<em>Comparasion of Renewable Energy and Unrenewable Energy in Indonesia from Waste Effects, Cost and Hummanity</em>”. Kegiatan ini merupakan rangkaian penutup (<em>Exploitation of Chemical Engineering Stundents</em></span><em><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">A</span></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ctivities</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">) EXCESS dengan rangkaian kegiatan seperti</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> CEC, LKTI, Futsal Competition yang telah diadakan Himatemia beberapa pekan lalu.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Seminar Nasional Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung ini dihadiri oleh beberapa pembicara yang berkompeten untuk menjawab akan permasalahan yang sedang dihadapi, </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> Dr. Agus R Hoetman, M. eng selaku staf alhi Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia, Imam Nurhadi S.T </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">dari </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">pihak PT.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Pertamina selaku pihak BUMN yang menyediakan kebutuhan masyarakat akan bahan bakar, Dr. Iman Kartolaksono</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> R.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">, M.</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ng</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> selaku praktisi akademisi dari Institut Teknologi Bandung yang <em>concern</em> dibidang biodiesel, dan Rohmat Widodo S.Si</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> selaku pihak yang mewakili PT. Medco </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Ethanol L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ampung</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> (MEL)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> sebagai penyedia bahan bakar yang bersumber <em>Bio-ethanol </em>serta Heri Rustamaji S.T., M. </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ng</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> dan Muhammad Hanif</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">S.T</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">, M.T</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> selaku pihak dosen yang mewakili</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">J</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">urusan Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Dr. Agus </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">R.H., </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">M. </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ng</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">emaparkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">bahwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">permasalah akan krisis energi di indonesia bisa diatasi mengingat ketersediaan akan sumber daya alam yang sangat banyak salah satunya yakni Bahan Bakar Nabati (BBN). Beilau juga memaparkan masalah yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia saat ini adalah adanya kesalahan pada penempatan kebijakan atas subsidi yang masih diberlakukan untuk Bahan Bakar Minyak (BBM), bila subsidi BBM dapat dialihkan ke BBN diharapkan mampu menanggulangi krisis BBM yang sedang terjadi. Saat ini kendala yang dihadapi pihak penyedia bahan bakar yang bersifat </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">r</span></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">enewable</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> adalah harga produk yang tidak kompetitif bila dibandingkan </span><em><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">u</span></em><em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">nrenewable</span></em><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">. Hal Serupa juga disampaikan oleh Rohmat Widodo S.Si selaku pihak yang menyediakan bahan bakar berbasiskan nabat</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">i. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">PT.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">M</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">EL</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> sendiripun masih belum dapat mengimplementasikan bio-etanol yang diproduksinya untuk dapat digunakan kendaraan bermotor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Rohmat Widodo S.Si dalam kesempatannya kemarin memberikan apresisasi yang sangat besar kepada Himatemia karena mampu menyel</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">nggarakan kegiatan yang tidak hanya concern di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">bidang keteknik kimiaan, namun juga concern dibidang so</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ial, ekonomi dan kemanusiaan sesuai dengan tema yang diusung. Sehingga, beberapa peserta Seminar Nasional yang berasal dari </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">fakultas lain </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">seperti Pertanian, FKIP serta beberapa pihak dosen swasta di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Bandar </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">L</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">ampung ikut dapat turut aktif dalam sesi tanya jawab yang diajukan setelah penyampaian materi selesai.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Melalui Seminar Nasional Yang diselenggarakan Oleh Himatemia, pihak panitia dalam hal ini yang diketuai oleh Sandi </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">Angkatan </span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">20</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">10</span><span style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;"> berharap agar mahasiswa pada khususnya dan Masyarakat pada umumnya dapat membandingkan energi yang bersifat Re<em>newable </em>dan <em>Unrenewable</em> untuk kemudian dapat segera beralih ke<em>energy</em> yang sifatnya dapat diperbaharui (<em>Unrenewable</em>) atau paling tidak dapat menghemat pemakaian BBM yang semakin lama ketersediaannya semakin menipis.</span></span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-20244876897248525232012-06-27T09:32:00.000-07:002012-06-27T09:33:11.672-07:00Teknik Kimia Unila Rintis Kerjasama dengan Pemda Tanggamus dan PT. Natarang Mining<br />
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Mulai tahun 2012 ini Jurusan Teknik Kimia Universitas Lampung (Unila) merintis kerjasama dengan Pemerintah Daerah (Pemda) Tanggamus dan PT. Natarang Mining. Sebagai tahap awal kerjasama, Teknik Kimia Unila dipercaya sebagai salah satu penerima dana CSR (<em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Corporate Social Responsibility</em>) dari PT. Nataram Mining yang disalurkan melalui Pemda Tanggamus. CSR ini digunakan untuk melakukan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat berupa pemberdayaan masyarakat petani gula aren di daerah Ulubelu, Tanggamus.</div>
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Penyerahan dana dilakukan langsung oleh Bupati Tanggamus, H. Bambang Kurniawan, S.T., didampingi Ir. Ivan Bakar yang mewakili Ir. Heryansjah (Direktur PT. Natarang Mining), di Rumah Dinas Bupati, 11 Juni 2012 lalu.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT8UwFTr0UqXJnGcExcPNXWeBw07_SSDcDdDKPMke929oh_oEGd8yDUixGy_jVHJ6wSabp5c0b-jME8feUxjMYSKF5x4lPedkgo1H6007FbzLwDERpq3nP4Ont97z4KB83DRakmXhU5w/s1600/csr+tekim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT8UwFTr0UqXJnGcExcPNXWeBw07_SSDcDdDKPMke929oh_oEGd8yDUixGy_jVHJ6wSabp5c0b-jME8feUxjMYSKF5x4lPedkgo1H6007FbzLwDERpq3nP4Ont97z4KB83DRakmXhU5w/s320/csr+tekim.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Hadir pula pada acara tersebut Kepala Bappeda Tanggamus H. Ir. Herman Hermawan, M.M. Sementara dari Teknik Kimia Unila hadir tim pengabdian yang terdiri sejumlah mahasiswa antara lain Ardi Kristianto dan Ricky Alexander dan perwakilan dosen terdiri Heri Rustamaji, S.T., M.Eng., dan Darmansyah, S.T., M.T.<br />
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Kegiatan pengabdian yang akan dilaksanakan satu tahun ke depan ini berawal dari eksplorasi dan pendataan potensi dan sumber daya alam dan masyarakat di daerah tempat KKN (Kuliah Kerja Nyata) yang dilaksanakan oleh mahasiswa Jurusan Teknik Kimia di pekon Ngarip, Ulu Belu-Tanggamus.<br />
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Di daerah tersebut terdapat beberapa kelompok petani gula aren yang masih menggunakan teknologi konvensional dalam melakukan aktifitas produksinya. Hal ini menyebabkan kualitas produk yang dihasilkan belum seragam. Tak ayal harga jualpun masih rendah dan belum mampu meningkatkan pendapatan petani secara signifikan.<br />
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Hasil dikusi di jurusan terhadap permasalahan di atas akhirnya tersusun menjadi proposal pengabdian dan dipresentasikan di Bappeda Tanggamus, yang pada akhirnya disetujui untuk dilaksanakan.<br />
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Kegiatan pengabdian yang akan dilaksanakan ke depan berupa penyuluhan, pelatihan desain produk dan proses produksi gula semut serta aspek pemasarannya.<br />
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“Selain itu, dari dana CSR ini kami menargetkan terbentuknya alat penepung untuk memproduksi gula semut dengan kualitas yang baik yang akan diperuntukkan bagi masyarakat petani gula aren di sana,” pungkas Heri Rustamaji, S.T., M.Eng., dalam siaran persnya, Minggu (17/6).</div>
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(link ini dapat dilihat <a href="http://www.unila.ac.id/index.php/en/component/content/article/74-berit-depan/2927-teknik-kimia-unila-rintis-kerjasama-dengan-pemda-tanggamus-dan-pt-natarang-mining">disini</a>)</div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-22620094831315724762012-06-27T09:18:00.000-07:002012-06-27T09:18:52.747-07:00PT Sadikun Niaga Mas Raya; 10 positons<br />
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We are an energy company is currently inviting passionate and energetic candidates to grow with our company<span id="more-372" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></span></div>
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1. SALES MARKETING SUPERVISOR (SMS) / OFFICER (SMO)</div>
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Responsible to supervise / implement sales & activities, maintaining both present & new/ potential customers and to achieve sales target. Possess analytical & excellent communication skills, good account management & analytical skills in analyzing data, good looking.</div>
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2. BUSINESS UNIT MANAGER (BUM)</div>
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Responsible to manage all the operational activities in Sales Marketing. Procurement, Technical, Financial, HRS-LGA. Possess a good team working. Must have experiences in energy company or EPC (Engineering Procurement Contraction) company. Male.</div>
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3. FINANCE ACCOUNTING & TAX SUPERVISOR (FAS) / OFFICER (FAO)</div>
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Responsible to supervise / implement any financial as, reading administration handling, good ability in performing analyses on financial report, capable of preparing financial report, having knowledge of AR, 61 & taxation is preferable. Must have experiences 2-3 years in energy company or property development.</div>
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4. PROCUREMENT SUPERVISOR (POS) / OFFICER (PO)</div>
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Responsible to supervise / implement local and international product purchase, warehouse & delivering products. Experienced in importing products would be preferred. Possess a good negotiation skill, English fluently would be better.</div>
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5. HR-GA SUPERVISOR (HRGAS) / OFFICER (HRGA)</div>
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Responsible to supervise / implement an effective HR program. Responsible to handle all General Affair activities. Maintaining all company assets . Male min. D3 Machine Engineering / Ass, Major</div>
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6. HSE SUPERVISOR (HSES)/OFFICER (HSEO)</div>
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Responsible to supervise environmental program at work. Also, to compile the safety environment procedures standard. Having knowledge about OHSAS, Government HSE Regulation.</div>
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7. LEGAL MANAGER (LM) / SUPERVISOR (LS)</div>
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Responsible to manage / supervise all legal activities, compliance with the Law and regulation, develop and monitor implementation of legal procedure and legal drafting agreement, familiar with Indonesia Law and other regulation, providing legal advices upon legal disputes settlement as well as Indonesian legal advices upon legal disputes settlement as well as Indonesian legal system with its substance. Min. S1 (Law Major).</div>
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8. IT SUPPORT</div>
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Responsible to handle trouble shooting in Linux and Windows. Excellent in Delphi / Java, VB, database programming (MYSQL, SQL,). Having a good knowledge of Web Based Programming. Good understanding in computer development, operating system installment, computer, and network setting.</div>
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9. PROJECT ENGINEER</div>
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Responsible to implement project activity. Performing project management role; scheduling, budgeting. Supervising subcontractors and vendors, and performing excellent cost control of projects. Mm. bachelor of engineering major in Civil or Mechanical.</div>
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10. ESTIMATOR</div>
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Responsible to estimate the power of constructions and to count the project expense. Also responsible for controlling, scheduling & assisting the project implementation. Good ability in preparing preliminary sketches & instructions. Min. D3/S1 in civil.</div>
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General requirements:<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Has a minimum of S years experiences in the same field, strong leadership (Manager) :3-5 years experiences (Supervisor), Fresh Grad/ 1 years officer. Proactive, responsive & communicative. strictly no smoking; willing to be placed in all over Indonesia Provinces. Please send your application letter and CV along with 4 1(6 size photograph, and write down the position code on the top left corner of the envelope or as an email subject within 2 weeks after this advertisement date to:</div>
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PO BOX 2896 JKP 10028<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />or Email to<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />recruitment_box@sadikun.com<br style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" />Expiry date: June 29, 2012</div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-58919642633187498982012-06-27T09:12:00.000-07:002012-06-27T09:12:04.407-07:00Berjuang Promosikan Unila, Namun tak Dapat Perhatian<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">Radio Kampus Universitas Lampung (Rakanila) merupakan radio kampus pertama di Sumatera. Sayang, keberadaan radio ini tidak mendapat cukup perhatian dari pihak terkait. Alhasil, para kru harus bertahan dengan dana minim. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">RUANG berukuran 4 x 6 meter yang terletak di lantai dua Pusat Kegiatan Mahasiswa (PKM) Unila itu adalah studio Rakanila. Namun, para kru radio yang mengudara pada frekuensi 107.9 FM itu lebih akrab menyebut ruang tersebut dengan base camp.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Seorang mahasiswi berambut sebahu menyambut kedatangan Radar Lampung kemarin. ’’Siang Mas. Silakan masuk ke base camp sempit kami. Maaf ya Mas kalau kurang nyaman,” sapa mahasiswi yang belakangan diketahui bernama Clara itu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Saat itu, ada sepuluh kru di base camp. Ruang tersebut disekat menjadi dua. Satu bagian untuk studio, sisanya ruang tamu. Ruang tamu itu terasa cukup sesak karena dipenuhi kru. Belum ditambah adanya meja dan lemari serta pemancar.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Beginilah keadaan kami, Mas. Bayangkan saja, base camp yang ukurannya hanya 4 x 6 meter ini disekat menjadi dua,” ujar Erwin Tri Haryanto, direktur Rakanila.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Setelah sedikit berbasa-basi, mahasiswa fakultas hukum ini mulai menceritakan sejarah berdirinya Rakanila.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Radio kampus ini didirikan akhir tahun 1999 dan dikukuhkan tanggal 19 Januari 2000. Awalnya, radio ini hanyalah sebuah alat handy talkie (HT). Saat itu, ada mahasiswa yang memang senang berkomunikasi melalui HT.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Dari sini, muncul ide untuk membuat radio. Terlebih, universitas yang dijuluki Kampus Hijau itu belum memiliki radio kampus. Dari sini, radio berkembang hingga seperti sekarang.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Radio yang memiliki 150 kru ini mengudara sejak pukul 06.00-24.00 WIB, kecuali Minggu dan hari libur. Program-program yang disiarkan disesuaikan kebutuhan akademis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Misalnya talkshow tentang kegiatan kampus, serta informasi tentang pendidikan dan dunia kampus. ’’Tetapi, ada juga program entertain-nya,” kata Erwin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Ditambahkan, Rakanila cukup memiliki andil dalam mempromosikan Unila, bahkan Lampung, di tingkat nasional. Tentunya, hal ini disesuaikan bidang yang digelutinya, yakni radio broadcasting.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Bahkan dalam rentang waktu sepuluh tahun, Rakanila telah menyelenggarakan berbagai even tingkat nasional.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">’’Kami pernah menggelar acara Boom Rakanila yang menghadirkan band The Fly pada tahun 2002. Waktu itu booming-nya memang grup The Fly,” kenang Erwin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Kegiatan lain yang digelar adalah Clear Top Ten bareng Dewi Sandra, Class Akustik yang bekerja sama dengan antv. Kegiatan itu menghadirkan grup Coklat, Tere, dan Ten 2 Five.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Gelaran paling anyar di 2010 akan dilaksanakan 12 Mei. Yakni Clas Sensasi Hits Tour Sumatera yang menampilkan Geisha di pelataran GOR Unila.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">’’Ini semua dilakukan untuk mempromosikan Unila di tingkat nasional,” kata Erwin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Ditambahkan Arif, direktur ke-3 Rakanila, ia memiliki pengalaman cukup menarik mengenai radio itu. Beberapa tahun silam, ia pernah berkunjung ke Jawa untuk menghadiri kegiatan mahasiswa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Ternyata, mahasiswa di sana menduga bahwa Rakanila adalah radio milik Universitas Lambung Mangkurat di Sulawesi. ’’Dari situ, saya berniat mempromosikan Unila, bahkan Lampung. Dengan begitu, tidak ada orang yang salah persepsi,” kata lelaki bertubuh sedang ini.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Sayangnya, semangat yang dimiliki kru Rakanila tidak begitu mendapat respons. Menurut Arif, pihaknya kerap kecewa dengan para petinggi Unila.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Kami terkadang merasa tidak diperhatikan. Lihat saja base camp ini. Belum lagi alat pemancar yang tidak maksimal,” katanya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Arif mengaku Rakanila sudah beberapa kali meminta bantuan ke rektorat untuk memperbaiki peralatan. Namun, tidak ada respons dari pihak rektorat.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Padahal kalau dipikir, Rakanila merupakan aset yang luar biasa bagi Unila. Tetapi, mengapa kami seperti dianaktirikan,” keluhnya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Hal senada diungkapkan Levi Tuzaidi, direktur pertama Rakanila. Ia mengungkapkan, hambatan selalu dihadapi saat menggelar kegiatan, khususnya untuk masalah sponsor.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Apalagi kalau sponsornya rokok, selalu dilarang. Sebenarnya, kami tidak masalah jika perusahaan rokok tidak diperbolehkan menjadi sponsor, asalkan rektorat mau dan membiayai setiap acara kami,” katanya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Levi juga mengungkapkan, sponsor yang paling realistis adalah rokok. ’’Tetapi, itu dilarang. Di sisi lain, mengapa dengan senang hati pihak kampus menerima pemberian beasiswa dari perusahaan rokok,” kata Levi saat ditemui di acara Tech-fest on Rakanila kemarin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Untungnya, meski banyak hambatan yang dihadapi, kru Rakanila tetap memiliki semangat. Meskipun itu berarti bahwa mereka harus patungan untuk melakukan sebuah kegiatan.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Bagaimanapun, kami mencintai Rakanila. Sampai kapanpun, nama Rakanila akan terus mengudara. Meskipun harus tetap survive,” tegas Erwin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> ’’Kami bangga. Walaupun studio kami mungil, output yang kami hasilkan diakui dunia luar,” tambahnya. (ais)</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL7FK39olAsqruKupxpQavG0zrqkvDLwzXzu_uzc5McnlhumPR2puMzJJkWH8TQZGWRLPLIPPoFyRdtIT5V-gPloexU4VF8yt1ULZUmXsvPLsnLtfKayL_RJGtvxqUmAp14tgZXi82mw/s1600/rakanila.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL7FK39olAsqruKupxpQavG0zrqkvDLwzXzu_uzc5McnlhumPR2puMzJJkWH8TQZGWRLPLIPPoFyRdtIT5V-gPloexU4VF8yt1ULZUmXsvPLsnLtfKayL_RJGtvxqUmAp14tgZXi82mw/s1600/rakanila.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-10389344336173703552012-06-27T09:04:00.001-07:002012-06-27T09:04:09.021-07:00<span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">UEFA memprediksi laga perempat-final antara Inggris dan Italia, yang berakhir dengan drama adu penalti, bakal memecahkan rekor pemirsa televisi dalam sejarah Piala Eropa.</span><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">UEFA menyatakan tak kurang dari 100 juta pemirsa menyaksikan secara live pertandingan. Jumlah tersebut didapat dari 20 penyiaran yang sudah melaporkan rafting mereka.</span>
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<span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">UEFA sendiri menjalin kesepakatan dengan lebih dari 100 broadcaster untuk menyiarkan secara langsung semua pertandingan Piala Eropa 2012.</span><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Untuk rata-rata pemirsa televisi di Britania Raya mencapai 20,3 juta per pertandingan, sementara di Italia sekitar 21,3 juta.</span><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><br style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;" /><span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;">Untuk rekor pemirsa terbanyak masih dipegang laga Inggris-Portugal di Piala Eropa 2004, yang juga berakhir dengan kegagalan Inggris lewat drama adu penalti.</span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ivhDcm4G6Wku5EkVwo7u6US3TRmQT0KiEpr3AZ7d6CD4UndXHcz6TRuCMsW_sUmYAfDFfhEFFubSmpMlzEb1LNhHdOaNUGOuASVtTi-zLW9DE3EkPu_poYVL4K7DXtNXii5E5gXwFw/s1600/bola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ivhDcm4G6Wku5EkVwo7u6US3TRmQT0KiEpr3AZ7d6CD4UndXHcz6TRuCMsW_sUmYAfDFfhEFFubSmpMlzEb1LNhHdOaNUGOuASVtTi-zLW9DE3EkPu_poYVL4K7DXtNXii5E5gXwFw/s320/bola.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: #1a2732; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-27818074628452613452012-06-27T08:51:00.002-07:002012-06-27T08:51:36.647-07:00<br />
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<b>SEJARAH INTERNAZIONALE MILANO</b></div>
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Klub ini didirikan pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_Maret" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="9 Maret">9 Maret</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1908">1908</a> yang merupakan perpecahan dari <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Milan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AC Milan">Milan Criket and Football Club</a></b>, yang sekarang lebih dikenal dengan nama<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Milan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AC Milan">AC Milan</a>. Sebuah kelompok yang terdiri dari orang-orang Italia dan Swiss (Giorgio Muggiani, seorang pelukis yang juga merancang logo klub, Bossard, Lana, Bertoloni, De Olma, Enrico Hintermann, Arturo Hintermann, Carlo Hintermann, Pietro Dell'Oro, Hugo dan Hans Rietmann, Voelkel, Maner , Wipf, dan Carlo Arduss) yang tidak terlalu suka akan dominasi orang-orang Inggris & Italia di AC Milan dan mereka memutuskan untuk memisahkan diri dari AC Milan. Nama Internazionale diambil dari keinginan pendiri-pendirinya untuk membuat satu klub yang terdiri dari banyak pemain internasional.</div>
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Klub ini memenangkan juaranya pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1910">1910</a> dan yang kedua pada tahun <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1920">1920</a>. Kapten dan Pelatih yang membawa Inter meraih Scudetto pertama adalah <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virgilio_Fossati&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Virgilio Fossati (halaman belum tersedia)">Virgilio Fossati</a> , yang tewas dalam Perang Dunia I.</div>
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Pada tahun 1921, Inter termasuk salah satu tim yang keluar dari FIGC dan mengikuti liga yang dibentuk oleh C.C.I (Confederazione Calcistica Italiana). C.C.I merupakan organisasi tandingan FIGC (Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio) yang dibentuk oleh tim-tim yang meminta rencana pengurangan anggota Serie-A. Inter berada dalam grup B dalam liga tersebut. Setelah hanya mampu mengumpulkan 11 angka, Inter berada di posisi terbawah klasemen akhir. Hanya bertahan satu musim akhirnya C.C.I bubar karena akhirnya dicapai persetujuan dengan FIGC melalui petisi yang dilayangkan oleh Direktur harian La Gazzetta dello Sport yakni Emilio Colombo dan dikenal dengan petisi Comprommeso Colombo. Tim-tim yang berlaga di liga C.C.I pun bergabung kembali dalam FIGC, yang mengakibatkan format dan kompetisi disusun ulang dengan menggabungkan tim-tim yang berlaga di liga C.C.I dan Serie-A FIGC sesuai dengan poin-poin kesepakatan dalam petisi tersebut. Karena Inter berada di posisi terbawah sehingga Inter harus mengikuti fase Spareggi (Babak kualifikasi pen-degradasi-an), dan Inter berhasil lolos kembali bermain di kompetisi Serie A setelah mengalahkan SC Italia-Milan 2-0 kemudian Libertas Firenze dengan agregat 4-1 (3-0 & 1-1) di kualifikasi Spareggi tersebut.</div>
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Selama waktu perang, Inter juga sempat berganti nama menjadi <b>Ambrosiana SS Milano</b> selama era fasisme di Italia setelah bergabung dengan <b>Milanese Unione Sportiva</b> pada tahun 1928. Bahkan setahun kemudian presiden klub terpilih <b>Oreste Simonotti</b> mematenkan nama Inter menjadi <b>AS Ambrosiana</b> pada tahun 1929, untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan kepemimpinan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, dan pada akhirnya pada tahun 1931, presiden baru Inter <b>Ferdinando Pozzani</b> mengubahnya lagi menjadi <b>AS Ambrosiana-Inter</b>. Walaupun demikian, Inter masih tetap bisa memenangkan trofi ketiga mereka pada tahun 1930. Mengikuti itu, trofi keempat dimenangkan pada tahun 1938. Inter pertama kali memenangkan Copa Italia (Piala Italia) pada tahun 1940 dipimpin oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Giuseppe Meazza">Giuseppe Meazza</a>, dan pada tahun yang sama mereka memenangkan trofi kelima mereka, meskipun Meazza mengalami cedera. Sejak tahun 1942 sampai sekarang, nama Ambrosiana-Inter tidak pernah dipakai lagi dan mereka memakai nama asli mereka, <i>Internazionale Milano</i>.</div>
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Setelah masa perang, Inter memenangi gelar Seri A lagi pada tahun 1953 dan yang ketujuh pada tahun 1954. Setelah memenangi beberapa trofi ini, Inter memasuki <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_keemasan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Masa keemasan">masa keemasan</a> mereka yang disebut <b>La Grande Inter</b>. Selama masa keemasan mereka, dibawah asuhan Pelatih <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helenio_Herrera" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Helenio Herrera">Helenio Herrera</a>, Inter memenangkan tiga trofi pada tahun 1963, 1965, dan 1966. Pada waktu ini, Inter juga terkenal dengan kemenangan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piala_Eropa" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Piala Eropa">Piala Eropa</a> dua kali berturut-turut. Pada tahun 1963, Inter memenangkan trofi Piala Eropa mereka setelah mengalahkan klub terkenal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Real Madrid">Real Madrid</a>. Musim selanjutnya, bermain di kandang mereka sendiri, Inter memenangkan trofi Piala Eropa untuk kedua kalinya setelah mengalahkan klub dari <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benfica">Benfica</a>.</div>
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Setelah masa keemasan pada tahun 1960, Inter berhasil untuk memenangkan gelar mereka kesebelas kalinya pada tahun 1971 dan kedua belas kalinya pada tahun 1980. Pada tahun 1970 dan 1980, Inter juga memenangi dua trofi Piala Italia pada tahun 1978 dan 1982. Inter berhasil meraih gelar <i>scudetto</i> mereka yang ke tigabelas kali pada tahun 1989 dan membutuhkan waktu yang sangat panjang hingga 17 tahun hingga mereka dapat memenanginya lagi pada tahun 2006, tetapi melalui cara yang lain dari biasa atau yang mereka sebut dengan "Scudetto of Honesty" (juara dari kejujuran), karena mereka tidak terbukti bersalah dalam skandal "calciopoli" yang ikut menyeret beberapa klub besar Italia yang terbukti bersalah dan mendapat penalti pengurangan poin juga pencopotan gelar bagi juara sebelumnya. Baru pada tahun selanjutnya atau 2007 Inter berhasil menjadi juara bertahan, sekaligus menorehkan rekor dengan 17 kemenangan beruntun di kompetisi lokal.</div>
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Inter kembali menjadi juara bertahan pada tahun 2008,2009 dan 2010. Inter juga adalah satu-satunya tim yang belum pernah terdegradasi terhitung dari sejak Serie A bergulir, karena itu di dalam lagu kebangsaan nya yang berjudul <b>C'e solo l'Inter</b> (hanya ada Inter satu-satunya) disebutkan bahwa Inter mempunyai gen Serie A dan tidak mengenal Seri lainnya.</div>
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Pada musim 2009-10 Inter menyamai rekor Juventus dan Torino dengan memenangi gelar Juara Seri A selama 5 Musim secara beruntun.</div>
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Internazionale juga memenangi Piala UEFA mereka tiga kali. Pertama di musim 1990/1991 melawan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Roma" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AS Roma">AS Roma</a>/ Di musim 1993/1994, Inter meraih gelar Piala UEFA dengan mengalahkan klub <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Austria">Austria</a> <a class="new" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Casino_Salzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Casino Salzburg (halaman belum tersedia)">Casino Salzburg</a>. Di kemenangan Piala UEFA mereka untuk ketiga kalinya, Inter mengalahkan <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Lazio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SS Lazio">SS Lazio</a> di Parc des Princes, Paris.</div>
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Inter baru memenangi lagi Liga Champions untuk yang ketiga kalinya pada musim 2009-10 dengan mengalahkan klub asal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerman">Jerman</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_M%C3%BCnchen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="FC Bayern München">Bayern München</a> di Final, setelah sebelumnya pada Babak semifinal Internazionale secara mengejutkan mengalahkan klub asal <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="FC Barcelona">Barcelona</a> yang saat itu sangat diunggulkan karena pada musim kompetisi 2008-09 meraih 6 gelar disemua ajang.</div>
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Inter menjadi tim asal Italia pertama yang meraih <i>treble winners</i> setelah memenangi semua kompetisi pada musim 2009-10 diantaranya <i>Scudetto</i> Liga Italia, Piala Italia, dan Liga Champions.</div>
<br />Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-84094361379230727222012-03-19T08:48:00.001-07:002012-06-28T01:27:06.938-07:00draft rencana bisnis gula aren serbuk<div class="MsoNormal">
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I. PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="SV">Latar Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Pada saat ini kebutuhan akan bahan makanan ataupun minuman yang sehat tanpa mengandung bahan kimia sangatlah dicari-cari oleh masyarakat mengingat saat ini sudah banyak bahan makanan ataupun minuman yang mengandung bahan kimia. Salah satu contoh bahan makanan ataupun minuman yang sehari-hari kita makan dan mengandung bahan kimia adalah gula pasir buatan pabrik gula. gula tersebut dapat menyebabkan beberapa penyakit misalnya batuk, diabetes,dll.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Dengan melihat kondisi diatas, maka penulis berinisiatif untuk menjalankan usaha baru yang lebih inovatif, yang membuat gula tanpa bahan kimia yaitu gula aren dengan bentuk yang baru, “Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung” dengan alasan gula aren serbuk ini dapat dijadikan bahan makanan ataupun minuman sehari-hari yang sehat. Disamping itu Gula aren serbuk sendiri memiliki manfaat lain seperti </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">mengontrol dan membersihkan saluran pencernaan seperti lambung dan tenggorokan karena Gula Aren serbuk sendiri mengandung Rebopflovin yang melancarkan metabolisme,dan mengoptimakan fungsi sel tubuh sehingga stamina tubuh dapat tetap prima.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Selain hal diatas, Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung dapat digunakan untuk campuran teh, kopi, dan bahan pemanis makanan. gula ini juga memiliki harga jual yang cukup tinggi sehingga dapat dijadikan prospek usaha yang sangat baik mengingat bahan baku aren yang digunakan tersebut sangatlah melimpah di Provinsi Lampung sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Adapun tujuan mengikuti Program Kreativitas Mahasiswa dalam bidang kewirausahaan ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Merintis wirausaha baru yang inovatif melalui usaha pembuatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Gula Aren Serbuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">2. Dapat menunjukkan bahwa bisnis ini sangat berpeluang bagus untuk dijalankan mengingat besarnya potensi keuntungannya</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Meningkatkan penghasilan bagi pengusul program sehingga setelah lulus dari perguruan tinggi dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Luaran/Output yang diharapkan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Sedangkan luaran yang dapat diperoleh dalam jangka panjang adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Terwujudnya keterampilan berwirausaha bagi mahasiswa UNILA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Terbentuknya <i>branding</i> produk ini menjadi produk khas yang hanya dimiliki oleh wirausahawan UNILA mengingat belum ada petani aren yang membuat Gula Aren Serbuk di Provinsi Lampung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Memperoleh keuntungan dari hasil penjualan produk ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">II. GAMBARAN UMUM RENCANA USAHA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Gambaran Umum Usaha<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Saat ini di Provinsi Lampung belum terdapat produk gula aren serbuk baik di pasar swalayan, pasar tradisional maupun pedagang kecil, yang ada hanya baru gula aren yang berupa torosan (silinder). Gagasan pembuatan usaha ini berasal dari sulitnya masyarakat yang ingin makan/minum dari makanan/minuman yang memakai bahan pemanis tanpa bahan kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Meskipun telah ada pemanis tanpa bahan kimia yaitu gua aren torosan namun hal itu dinilai tidak efektif karena apabila ingin menggunakannya masyarakat sedikit agak disibukkan untuk memotong gula aren tersebut sampai ukurannya kecil sehingga baru dapat digunakan. Namun dengan Gula Aren Serbuk, masyarakat dapat menggunakannya secara langsung tanpa memotongnya hingga kecil terlebih dahulu mengingat dengan ukuran serbuk, gula tersebut dapat dengan mudah dan cepat larut karena luas permukaan kontaknya sangat besar. Sebagai contoh, saat masyarakat ingin meminum teh manis masyarakat dapat langsung menggunakan Gula Aren Serbuk karena gula tersebut dapat dengan mudah larut didalam air, tidak seperti gula aren torosan yang tidak mudah larut didalam air.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Rencana Pemasaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Pada tahap awal Rencana pemasaran produk yang dilakukan adalah dengan memasukkan (mendrop) produk Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung yang sudah dikemas di beberapa Pasar Tradisional dan warung kelontong yang ada di sekitar Kota Bandar Lampung. Apabila melihat hasil yang signifikan dala penjualan ke dua macam tempat itu, eksplorasi usaha akan ditingkatkan ke Pasar Swalayan yang ada di sekitar Kota Bandar Lampung.</div>
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Untuk mengemasi produk tersebut, akan dibuat tiga macam kemasan yaitu kemasan satu kilogram, setengah kilogram, seperempat kilogram yang masing-masing akan dibungkus dengan plastik dan diselipkan merek “Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung”.</div>
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Harga yang akan ditawarkan untuk variasi berat kemasan produk tentunya bervariasi. Mulai dari kemasan satu kilogram yang dijual sebesar Rp. 25.000,00 , kemasan setengah kilogram yang dijual sebesar Rp. 13.000,00 , kemasan seperempat kilogram yang dijual sebesar Rp. 7.000,00.</div>
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Karena produk ini tergolong produk yang baru, maka akan dibuat promosi awal untuk menarik perhatian dan minat masyarakat untuk mencoba produk ini. Salah satunya yaitu dengan memberikan potongan harga sebesar Rp. 3.000,00 untuk pembelian satu kilogram, sebesar Rp. 2.000,00 untuk pembelian setengah kilogram , sebesar Rp. 500,00 untuk pembelian satu kilogram.</div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Diharapkan dengan rencana pemasaran diatas dapat membuat usaha ini bisa berkembang lebih pesat sehingga nantinya dapat membuka lapangan pekerjaan baru di Provinsi Lampung ini.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Deskripsi Produk/Jasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Produk yang akan dihasilkan dalam usaha ini yaitu “Gula Aren Serbuk” , produk baru yang inovatif dan memiliki kandungan yang baik untuk kesehatan sehingga belum dapat ditemukan di sekitar Bandar Lampung sebelum usaha ini dijalankan. Berikut merupakan contoh Gula Aren Serbuk yang akan dihasilkan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Proses pembuatan Gula Aren Serbuk ini sendiri dimulai dari pengambilan nira dari pohon aren yang bisa disadap, lalu nira tersebut direbus hingga warnanya memerah (kandungan airnya sudah tidak ada). Setelah itu nira dimasukkan kedalam alat penghancur lalu diayak dengan ayakan makanan yang ukurannya kurang lebih 200 mesh sehingga Gula Aren tersebut berubah bentuknya dari cairan menjad serbuk yang siap untuk diproduksi setelah dikemas berdasarkan berat kemasannya masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Gula Aren serbuk ini memiliki rasa manis yang lebih baik daripada gula pasir dari pabrik gula karena kandungan glukosa dari nira aren lebih besar lebih tinggi daripada cairan yang ada didalam pohon tebu. selain itu </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">gula tersebut berfungsi mengontrol dan membersihkan saluran pencernaan,mulai seperti lambung dan tenggoroka karena mengandung Rebopflovin yang melancarkan metabolism dan mengoptimakan fungsi sel sehingga membuat stamina tubuh tetap prima.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial;">Disamping itu Gula Aren Serbuk bebas dari bahan kimia dan mudah dalam hal mengonsumsinya karena sifatnya yang mudah larut didalam air sehingga sangat praktis dalam penggunaannya.</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="nw"><b><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5pt;">Analisa Keuangan<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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Anggaran biaya untuk modal usaha pembuatan Gula Aren Serbuk dijelaskan sebagai berikut :</div>
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“Total produksi yang akan dihasilkan yaitu 125 kg per bulan dari 1000 liter nira aren, dengan harga jual Rp.25.000 / kg gula aren serbuk”</div>
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<b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Anggaran biaya investasi awal usaha<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 40.5pt; width: 577px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
No.</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Bahan/Material</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
kuantitas</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Satuan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Harga Satuan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Total Harga</div>
</td> </tr>
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1.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Mesin pembuat serbuk</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
1</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
unit</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp.2.300.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp.2.300.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
2.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Kompor gas</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
1</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
unit</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 300.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 300.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
3.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Tabung Gas</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
1</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
unit</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 150.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 150.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
4.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Sewa Rumah</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
1</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
unit</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 2.000.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 2.000.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.7in;" valign="top" width="451"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Total biaya investasi awal usaha</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 4.750.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Anggaran biaya modal tiap bulan <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 40.5pt; width: 577px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
No.</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Bahan/Material</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Kuantitas</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Satuan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Harga Satuan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Total Harga</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
1.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Nira Aren</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
1000</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
liter</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp. 2.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp.2.000.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
2.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
Packaging&sablon</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
150</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;">
pack</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp.500,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
Rp.75.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
3.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 102.9pt;" valign="top" width="137"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Gas Elpiji</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
3</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
tabung</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in;">
Rp.15.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in;">
Rp.45.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 4.7in;" valign="top" width="451"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Total modal tiap bulan</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in;">
Rp. 2.120.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Target omset dagang tiap bulan <o:p></o:p></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; margin-left: 40.5pt; width: 502px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.45pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
No.</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Jenis Kemasan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.1pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Kuantitas</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.0pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Harga satuan</div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.3pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Total Harga</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 20.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
1.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Satu kilogram</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.1pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
25</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.0pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.25.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.3pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.625.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
2.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Setengah kilogram</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.1pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
80</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.0pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.13.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.3pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.1.040.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 24.45pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.5pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
3.</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 115.55pt;" valign="top" width="154"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Seperempat kilogram</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 58.1pt;" valign="top" width="77"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
240</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 76.0pt;" valign="top" width="101"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.7.000,-</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.45pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.3pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp.1.680.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 25.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td colspan="4" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 278.15pt;" valign="top" width="371"><div align="center" class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: center;">
Total omset dagang selama satu bulan</div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 25.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 98.3pt;" valign="top" width="131"><div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
Rp. 3.345.000,-</div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="pj" style="line-height: 22.7pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 40.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: .5in 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b>4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><b>Untung bersih yang akan didapatkan <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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= Total omset tiap bulan – total biaya modal dalam satu bulan</div>
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= Rp. 3.345.000,00 - Rp. 2.120.000,00</div>
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= Rp. 1.225.000,00</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i></b><b><i>Break Even Point </i>(BEP)<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<i>=</i> Total investasi / Keuntungan per bulan</div>
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<i>=</i> Rp. 4.750.000,00 / Rp. 1.225.000,00</div>
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= 3,88</div>
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Keterangan :</div>
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3 x 1 = 15 <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> 3 bulan</div>
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0,88 x 30 = 13,8 <span style="font-family: Wingdings;">à</span> 26,5 hari</div>
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Jadi kesimpulannya BEP diperkirakan dapat tercapai dalam jangka waktu 3 bulan 27 hari.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Jadi, kesimpulan dari analisis keuangan adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Besar biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan usaha Lilin Hias yakni sebesar</span></b> :<b><o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ol>
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= <b> </b>Total biaya investasi awal usaha<b> + </b>Total modal tiap bulan<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>= (</b>Rp. 4.750.000,-) + (Rp. 2.120.000,-)</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">= Rp. 6.870.000</span>,-</b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">Modal investasi akan kembali selama </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3 bulan 27 hari</span></b>. (dengan catatan perhitungan ini didasarkan pada perkiraan keuntungan minimum yang akan dihasilkan)<o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
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<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></i><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251657216;"><span style="height: 29px; left: 510px; position: absolute; top: -71px; width: 29px;"><img height="29" src="file:///C:/Users/ARDYKR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1027" width="29" /></span></span><span style="position: relative; z-index: 251659264;"><span style="height: 41px; left: 502px; position: absolute; top: -76px; width: 38px;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/ARDYKR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="38" /></span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">III. METODE PELAKSANAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Dalam pelaksanaan Program Mahasiswa Wirausaha (PMW), penulis akan menerapkan beberapa metode untuk menunjang keberhasilan usaha Gula Aren Serbuk nantinya, yang antara lain adalah :</div>
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1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span> Survei Lokasi Bahan Baku</div>
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Survey ini akan dilakukan di desa Ngarip Kecamatan Ulubelu Kabupaten Tanggamus Provinsi Lampung guna mendapatkan kepastian kontrak mengenai nira yang akan dibeli dari petani aren di desa tersebut. Sehingga nantinya bahan baku untuk memproduksi Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung dapat terpenuhi setiap bulannya.</div>
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2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Survey Pasar</div>
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Survey ini dilakukan guna mengetahui peluang pasar di sekitar Kota Bandar Lampung sehingga nantinya dapat menjadi referensi untuk merebut peluang dagang agar produk yang akan dijual sesuai harga dan kualitasnya dengan keinginan pasar setempat.</div>
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3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pembuatan Mesin Gula Aren Serbuk</div>
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Pada tahap ini akan dilakukan kerjasama antara penulis dengan orang yang ahli dibidang mesin untuk membuat alat yang sesuai dengan keinginan penulis, dengan ketentuan penulis yang mendesain alatnya lalu orang yang ahli dibidang mesin yang akan membuatnya. Sehingga diharapkan akan dihasilkan alat dengan kapasitas produksi yang sesuai dengan keinginan dan harganya yang relative terjangkau.</div>
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4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Proses produksi</div>
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Didalam proses produksi Gula Aren Serbuk Khas Lampung akan dilakukan pengoptimalisasian produk yang akan terbentuk nantinya, dengan harapan rasio Gula Aren Serbuk yang akan dihasilkan sebanyak 1 (satu) kilogram dari 8 (delapan) liter nira aren yang dibeli. Untuk kapasitas produksi yang akan dijalankan, akan diproses sebanyak 1000 liter nira aren tiap bulannya sehingga target produk yang akan terbentuk yaitu sebanyak 125 kg Gula Aren Serbuk.</div>
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5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Proses pengepakan</div>
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Proses pengepakan akan dijalankan dengan cara bekerja sama dengan suatu instansi penyablonan, sehingga nantinya diharapkan akan menghasilkan produk dengan kemasan yang baik, bersih, dan higienis.</div>
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Kemasan yang akan membungkus produk tersebut memiliki tiga macam jenis yang antara lain yaitu kemasan untuk satu kilogram Gula Aren Serbuk , kemasan untuk setengah kilogram Gula Aren Serbuk , kemasan untuk seperempat kilogram Gula Aren Serbuk. Pemilihan macam kemasan diatas dilakukan dengan harapan produk yang nantinya akan dipasarkan akan sesuai dengan keingnan masyarakat yang bervariasi.</div>
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6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span>Pemasaran</div>
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Proses pemasaran akan dilakukan oleh penulis secara langsung dengan tujuan meminimalkan biaya pengeluaran. Pada tahap awal pemasaran produk akan dilakukan dibeberapa pasar tradisional dan toko kelontong yang ada di sekitar Kota Bandar Lampung. Setelah sukses dengan pemasaran di dua macam tempat diatas, pemasaran akan diperluas ke beberapa pasar swalayan yang ada di sekitar Kota Bandar Lampung dan selanjutnya akan eksplorasi kebeberapa kota ataupun kabupaten di Provinsi Lampung.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="position: relative; z-index: 251658240;"><span style="height: 33px; left: 510px; position: absolute; top: -76px; width: 26px;"><img height="33" src="file:///C:/Users/ARDYKR~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="26" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IV. JADWAL KEG</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Perencanaan Jadwal Kegiatan usaha Gula Aren Serbuk adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.55pt; width: 596px;"><tbody>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Jenis Kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td colspan="4" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.55pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Bulan ke 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Bulan ke 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Bulan ke 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td colspan="5" nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Bulan ke 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.15pt; mso-row-margin-right: .7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td colspan="4" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.55pt;" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 27.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.15pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" width="24"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Survey lokasi bahan baku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Survey Pasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
Pembuatan Mesin Gula Aren Serbuk<o:p></o:p></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Proses Produksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Proses Pengepakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: black; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.3pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td colspan="2" nowrap="" style="background: white; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 38.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 27.4pt;" width="37"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.1pt;" width="172"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Pemasaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td> <td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 38.05pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 18.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="24"><div class="MsoNormal">
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Keterangan :<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jangka Waktu Pelaksanaan disimbolkan dengan :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-90056044024128654292012-03-19T08:33:00.005-07:002012-06-27T08:41:20.836-07:00zymomonas mobillis<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zymomonas mobilis A3 </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">merupakan strain bakteri <i>Zymomonas </i>mobilis </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A3 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang dimutasi menggunakan larutan <i>hydroxylamine </i>(NH<sub>2</sub>OH) yang diseleksi pada media asam sehingga membentuk karakteristik tahan terhadap asam sehingga mempunyai kemampuan untuk mencapai konversi yang lebih cepat dan lebih tahan terhadap kadar etanol yang tinggi dibandingkan <i>Zymomonas Mobilis</i></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A3</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></i></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulan lain bakteri ini adalah mempunyai morfologi yang lebih besar dengan gerakan yang lebih pelan dan lebih tahan terhadap kondisi asam dibanding kondisi awal. pH optimum untuk Zymomonas mobilis A3 adalah 4,5. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">selain itu juga <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A3 </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mempunyai waktu fermentasi yang singkat (300%-400% lebih cepat daripada <i>yeast</i>), Yield etanol yang tinggi (92%-94% versus 88%-90% </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yeast</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) dan Effisiensi Konversi campuran gula menjadi etanol sampai 90-95%.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dilain sisi yang menjadi hambatan dalam <i>Zymomonas .mobilis</i> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A3 </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah ketidakmampuannya untuk mengubah polimer karbohidrat kompleks seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa dan pati menjadi etanol sehingga dalam produk samping seperti sorbitol, acetoin, gliserol, dan asam asetat dan </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembentukan polimer ekstraseluler Levan</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi Ilmiah terhadap mikroorganisme Zymomonas Mobilis antara lain yaitu : </span></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="IN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerajaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: Bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Filum</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:<i> Proteobacteria</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:<i> Zymomonas</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies</span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: <i>Z. mobilis</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nama binomial</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> : </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Zymomonas mobilis</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></i></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-35490887643104075182012-03-11T09:02:00.000-07:002012-06-27T08:41:54.547-07:00sodium phenolate plantation<div class="MsoTitle" style="margin-bottom: 24.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> ABSTRAK</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Oleh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Ardy Kristianto</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Pabrik <i>Sodium Phenolate</i> dari <i>Phenol</i> dan <i>Sodium Hydroxide</i> akan didirikan di Kota Cilegon, Banten. Pabrik ini dirancang dengan kapasitas 3.000 ton/tahun dan beroperasi selama 330 hari dalam setahun. Sodium Phenolate sendiri merupakan suatu senyawa ester organik dengan rumus molekul C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku industri asam salisilat, aspirin, antiseptik dan bahan pelarut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Proses pembuatan <i>Sodium Phenolate</i> yang akan diterapkan di pabrik ini merupakan modifikasi dari proses </span><i><span lang="SV">Kolbe-Schmitt. </span></i><span lang="SV">Proses ini terdiri dari 3 tahap yakni tahap</span><span lang="EN-US"> persiapan bahan baku, tahap reaksi, dan tahapan pengambilan produk. Tahap persiapan bahan baku berupa treatment bahan baku dan pelarutan bahan baku <i>sodium hydroxide</i>. Tahap reaksi berlangsung pada CSTR dengan mereaksikan sodium hydroxide 50% dengan phenol pada keadaan 90<sup>o</sup>C dan 1 atm. Tahap pengambilan produk berupa proses pemekatan produk (evaporasi), proses kristalisasi, proses pemurnian, proses pengeringan, proses pengecilan ukuran, serta proses pengepakan produk. Pabrik ini akan menghasilkan <i>Sodium Phenolate</i> dalam bentuk serbuk dengan kemurnian 98%.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Bahan baku <i>phenol</i> yang digunakan sebanyak 2.840 ton/tahun dan s<i>odium hydroxide</i> sebanyak 1196 ton/tahun. <i>Phenol</i> (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH) sendiri banyak terdapat di alam misalnya pada bahan yang mengandung lignin seperti tandan buah kelapa sawit, yang nantinya lignin tersebut dapat diuraikan melalui beberapa proses misalnya dengan hidrolisis, pirolisis, dan ekstraksi. Sedangkan <i>sodium</i> <i>hydroxide</i> diproduksi dengan mereaksikan <i>sodium chloride</i> (NaCl) dan air (H<sub>2</sub>O). NaCl tersebut diperoleh dari air laut atau garam industri. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Di Indonesia sendiri, kebutuhan akan <i>phenol</i> dan <i>sodium hydroxide</i> dalam negeri sudah terpenuhi karena Indonesia sudah mampu untuk mengeksport kedua barang tersebut. Berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik, sampai tahun 2010 Indonesia sudah mengeksport <i>phenol</i> sebanyak 1.067 ton dan <i>sodium hydroxide</i> sebanyak 8.923 ton. </span><span lang="SV">Berdasarkan data eksport diatas, dapat dipastikan bahwa ketersedian bahan baku <i>phenol</i> dan <i>sodium hydroxide</i> untuk menunjang proses produksi<i> sodium phenolate </i>ini tidak perlu diragukan. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Kata Kunci : <i>Kolbe-Schmitt, Sodium Hydroxyde, Sodium Phenolate, Phenol.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-75991307420856333362011-05-04T07:04:00.000-07:002011-05-04T07:04:45.048-07:00korosi logam<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 17pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>KOROSI LOGAM</span></b><span lang="IN"> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span lang="IN">( Disusun untuk tugas BKTK )</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Oleh :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Irawan Setiadi <span> </span></span><span>(</span><span lang="IN">08150410</span><span>41</span><span lang="IN">)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Ardy Kristianto<span> </span>(0815041024)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN">Chaizar Ramadhan <span> </span>(081504102</span><span>8</span><span lang="IN">)</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 150px; left: 0px; margin-left: 209px; margin-top: 27px; position: absolute; width: 150px; z-index: -2;"><img height="150" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="150" /></span><span lang="IN"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><em><b><span style="font-style: normal;">JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA</span></b></em></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><em><b><span style="font-style: normal;">FAKULTAS TEKNIK</span></b></em></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><em><b><span style="font-style: normal;">UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG</span></b></em></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><em><b><span style="font-style: normal;">2009</span></b></em> </div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">KATA PENGANTAR</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kami ucapkan puji syukur ke hadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Pemurah dan Maha Penyayang karena berkat rahmat dan ridhanya makalah ini sebagai salah satu tugas mata kuliah bahan konstruksi teknik kimia dapat kami selesaikan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Makalah ini kami tulis berdasarkan studi pustaka dari buku acuan dan internet yang berkaitan dengan mata kuliah BKTK. Fokus pembahasan dari<span> </span>makalah ini adalah tentang segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan </span>sifat kimia bahan<span lang="IN">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Melalui makalah ini kami mengharapkan para pembaca dapat terbuka wawasannya tentang segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan bahan-bahan pada alat-alat proses industri kimia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN">Kami menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Untuk itu pembaca harap maklum serta kami harapkan saran serta kritik yang bersifat membangun demi kepentingan kita bersama. Terima kasih setulus-tulusnya kepada Ibu Panca Nugrahini, S. T.,M.T. Dosen mata kuliah BKTK yang telah memberikan bantuan dalam pemberian materi mata kuliah BKTK ini serta seluruh pihak yang telah membantu dalam penulisan makalah ini. Kami berharap agar Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dapat membalas segala kebaikan mereka. Amin.</span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: right;"><span lang="IN">Bandar Lampung,<span> </span></span>3<span> <span lang="IN">April 2010</span></span></div><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: right;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 3in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span lang="IN"><span> </span><span> </span>Tim Penulis</span><b><span lang="SV"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>KOROSI LOGAM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b>A. Pengertian Korosi<br />
</b><br />
Kerusakan merupakan proses redoks pada permukaan logam dan llingkungannya. Korosi atau pengkaratan adalah kerusakan atau degradasi logam akibat bereaksi dengan lingkungan yang korosif. Penyelidikan tentang sistem elektrokimia telah banyak membantu menjelaskan mengenai korosi ini, yaitu reaksi kimia antara logam dengan zat-zat yang ada di sekitarnya atau dengan partikel-partikel lain yang ada di dalam matrik logam itu sendiri. Jadi dilihat dari sudut pandang kimia, korosi pada dasarnya merupakan reaksi logam menjadi ion pada permukaan logam yang kontak langsung dengan lingkungan berair dan beroksigen. Contoh korosi yang paling lazim adalah perkaratan besi. Pada peristiwa korosi, logam mengalami oksidasi, sedangkan oksigen (udara) mengalami reduksi. Karat logam umumnya berupa oksida atau karbonat.<br />
Rumus kimia karat besi adalah Fe2O3 . XH2O, suatu zat padat yang berwarna coklat-merah. Pada korosi besi, bagian tertentu dari besi berlaku sebagai anode, dinama besi mengalami oksidasi.<br />
Fe(s) → Fe2+(aq) + 2e E0 = + 0,44 V<br />
Elektron yang dibebaskan di anode mengalir ke bagian lain dari besi yang berlaku sebagai katode, dimana oksigen tereduksi.<br />
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e → 4OH-(aq) E0 = + 0,40 V<br />
atau <br />
O2(g) + HH+(aq) + 4e → 2H2O(l) E0 = + 1,23 V<br />
Ion besi (II) yang terbentuk pada anode selanjutnya teroksidasi membentuk ion besi (III) yang kemudian membentuk senyawa oksida terhidrasi, Fe2O3 . XH2O, yaitu karat besi. Maka reaksi yang terjadi :<br />
Anode : 2Fe(s) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 4e E0 = + 0,44 V<br />
Katode : O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e → 4OH-(aq) E0 = + 0,40 V<br />
+<br />
Reaksi Sel : 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2+(aq) + 4OH-(aq) E0reaksi = 0,84 V<br />
Ion Fe2+ tersebut kemudian mengalami oksidasi lebih lanjut dengan reaksi :<br />
4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + (4 + 2n) H2O → 2Fe2O3 . nH2O + 8H+(aq)<br />
Mengenai bagian mana dari besi itu yang bertindak sebagai anode dan dan bagian mana yang bertindak sebagai katode bergantung pada berbagai faktor, misalnya zat pengotor, atau perbedaan rapatan logam itu. Korosi besi memerlukan oksigen dan air.<br />
<b><br />
B. Proses terjadinya korosi</b><br />
Mekanisme korosi tidak terlepas dari reaksi elektrokimia. Proses elektrokimia melibatkan perpindahan elektron-elektron. Perpindahan elektron merupakan hasil reaksi redoks (reduksi-oksidasi). Mekanisme korosi melalui reaksi elektrokimia melibatkan reaksi anodik dan reaksi katodik.<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">a.Reaksi Anodik (Oksidasi)<br />
Reaksi Anodik terjadi di daerah anode. Reaksi anodik (oksidasi) diindikasikan melalui peningkatan valensi atau produk elektron-elektron. Reaksi anodik yang terjadi pada proses korosi logam, yaitu :<br />
<br />
M → Mn+ + ne<br />
<br />
Proses korosi dari logam M adalah proses oksidasi logam menjadi satu ion (n+) dalam pelepasan n elektron. Harga dari n bergantung dari sifat logam sebagai contoh besi :<br />
Fe → Fe<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<br />
<br />
b.Reaksi Katodik (Reduksi)<br />
Reaksi katodik terjadi di daerah katode. Reaksi katodik diindikasikan melalui penurunan nilai valensi atau konsumsi elektron-elektron yang dihasilkan dari reaksi anodik.<br />
Beberapa reaksi katodik yang terjadi selama proses korosi logam, yaitu :<br />
Pelepasan gas hidrogen<br />
2H+ + 2e → H<sub>2</sub><br />
Reduksi oksigen<br />
O<sub>2</sub> + 4H+ + 4e → 2H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
O<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O + 4e → 4OH<sup>-</sup><br />
Reduksi ion logam<br />
Fe<sup>3+</sup> + e → Fe2+<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Pengendapan logam<br />
3Na+ + 3e → 3Na<br />
Reduksi ion hidrogen<br />
O2 + 4H+ + 4e → 2H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<b>C. Penyebab Korosi</b><br />
<br />
Faktor yang berpengaruh dan mempercepat korosi yaitu :<br />
a.Air dan kelembapan udara<br />
Air merupakan salah satu faktor penting untuk berlangsungnya proses korosi. Udara yang banyak mengandung uap air (lembap) akan mempercepat berlangsungnya proses korosi.<br />
b.Elektrolit <br />
Elektrolit (asam atau garam) merupakan media yang baik untuk melangsungkan transfer muatan. Hal itu mengakibatkan elektron lebih mudah untuk dapat diikat oleh oksigen di udara. Oleh karena itu, air hujan (asam) dan air laut (garam) merupakan penyebab korosi yang utama.<br />
c.Adanya oksigen<br />
Pada peristiwa korosi adanya oksigen mutlak diperlukan.<br />
d.Permukaan logam<br />
Permukaan logam yang tidak rata memudahkan terjadinya kutub-kutub muatan, yang akhirnya akan berperan sebagai anode dan katode. Permukaan logam yang licin dan bersih akan menyebabkan korosi sukar terjadi, sebab sukar terjadi kutub-kutub yang akan bertindak sebagai anode dan katode.<br />
e.Letak logam dalam deret potensial reduksi<br />
Korosi akan sangat cepat terjadi pada logam yang potensialnya rendah, sedangkan logam yang potensialnya lebih tinggi justru lebih awet.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>D. Cara Mencegah Korosi</b><br />
<br />
1) Dicat<br />
Cat menghindarkan kontak besi dengan udara dan air.<br />
2) Melumuri dengan oli atau minyak<br />
Cara ini diterapkan untuk berbagai perkakas dan mesin oli atau minyak mencegah kontak besi dengan air<br />
3) Dibalut dengan plastik<br />
Berbagai macam barang, misalnya rak piring dan kerancang sepeda dibalut dengan plastik. Plastik mencegah kontak besi udara dan air.<br />
4) Tin plating (pelapisan dengan timah)<br />
Biasanya kaleng-kaleng kemasan terbuat dari besi dilapisi dengan timah. Pelapisan dilakukan secara elektrolisis, yang disebut electro plating. Timah tergolong logam yang tahan karat. Besi yang dilapisi timah tidak mengalami korosi karena tidak adanya kontak dengan oksigen (udara) dan air. Akan tetapi, lapisan timah hanya melindungi besi selama lapisan utuh (tanpa cacat). Apabila lapisan timah ada yang cacat, misalnya tergores, maka timah justru mendorong/mempercepat kolosi besi. Hal itu terjadi karena potensial reduksi besi lebih negatif daripada timah. Oleh karena itu, besi yang dilapisi timah akan membentuk suatu sel elektrokimia dengan besi sebagai anode. Dengan demikian timah mendorong korosi besi.<br />
5) Galvanisasi (pelapisan dengan zink)<br />
Pipa besi, tiang telepon, badan mobil, dan berbagai barang lain dilapisi dengan zink. Berbeda dengan timah, zink dapat melindungi besi dari korosi sekalipun lapisannya tidak utuh. Hal itu terjadi karena suatu mekanisme yang disebut perlindungan katode. Oleh karena potensial reduksi besi lebih positif daripada zink, maka besi yang kontak dengan zink akan membentuk sel elektrokimia dengan besi sebagai katode. Dengan demikian, besi terlindungi dan zink yang mengalami oksidasi.<br />
6) Cromium plating (pelapisan dengan kromium)<br />
Besi atau baja juga dapat dilapisi dengan kromium untuk memberi lapisan pelindung yang mengkilap, misalnya untuk bemper mobil. Cromium plating juga dilakukan dengan elekrolisis. Sama seperti zink, kromium juga dapat memberi perlindungan sekalipun lapisan kromium itu ada yang rusak.<br />
7) Sacrificial protection (pengorbanan anode)<br />
Magnesium adalah logam yang jauh labih aktif (berarti lebih mudah berkarat) daripada besi. Jika logam magnesium dikontakkan dengan besi maka magnesium itu akan berkarat tetapi besi tidak. Cara ini digunakan untuk melindungi pipa baja yang ditanam dalam tanah atau badan kapal laut. Secara periodik, batang magnesium harus diganti.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Korosi Aluminium (Perlindungan Katodit)<br />
<br />
Aluminium, juga zink dan kromium, merupakan logam yang lebih aktif daripada besi. Jika demikian, mengapa logam-logam ini lebih awet? Sebenarnya, aluminium berkarat dengan cepat membentuk oksida aluminium (Al2O3). Akan tetapi, perkaratan segera terhenti setelah lapisan tipis oksida terbentuk. Lapisan itu melekat pada permukaan logam, sehingga melindungi logam di bawahnya terhadap perkaratan berlanjut.<br />
Lapisan oksida pada permukaan aluminium dapat dibuat lebih tebal melalui elektrolisi, yang disebut anodizing. Aluminium yang telah mengalami anodizing digunakan untuk membuat panci dan berbagai perkakas dapur, bingkai, kerangka bangunan (panel dinding), serta kusen pintu dan jendela. Lapisan oksida aluminium lebih mudah dicat dan memberi warna yang lebih terang.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -0.3in;"><b><span lang="IN">.</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="IN">E.</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b> </b></span><b><span lang="IN">Pengendalian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in; text-indent: -0.4in;"><span lang="IN">1.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN">Mengurangi keagresifan lingkungan misalnya dengan mengurangi kandungan oksigen terlarut (deaerasi).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in; text-indent: -0.4in;"><span lang="IN">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN">menggunakan paduan yang lebih tahan misalnya kuingan merah (15% Zn).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in; text-indent: -0.4in;"><span lang="IN">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN">penambahan 1 % Sn pada Brass 70-30.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in; text-indent: -0.4in;"><span lang="IN">4.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN">Penambahan inhibitor. Ada 3 macam penambahan inhibitor yaitu, inhibitor anodik, inhibitor katodik, dan inhibitor absorpsi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.95in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pada inhibitor anodic menghasilkan selaput pasif</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.95in;">dengan contoh : molikat, silikat, fosfat, borak, kromat, nitrit, nitrat.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.95in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pada inhibitor katodik berpengaruh terhadap reaksi katodik</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">1. 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub> + 4e<sup>-</sup> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">→</span> 4OH<sup>-</sup></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">2 2</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">mengendapkan senyawa katodik yang logam menyelimuti</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">contoh : garam – garam, Seng, Magnesium, Kalsium.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">2. 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>-</sup> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">→</span>2H <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">→</span>H<sub>2</sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">membentuk lapisan hidrogen adsorsi </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">contoh : Arsen, Bismuth, Antimonium</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.95in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Inhibitor absorpsi mempunyai molekul organic panjangdipermukaan logam yang bertujuan membatasi. Difusi oksigen keluar menjauhi permukaan, memantapkan lapisan pelindung, mereduksi laju pelarutan logam</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.7in; text-indent: -0.4in;"><span lang="IN">5.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 7pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="IN">proteksi katodik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b>F. BENTUK KOROSI</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">1. Korosi logam tak sejenis<br />
<br />
Korosi logam tak sejenis adalah istilah yang dipakai untuk korosi akibat dua logam tak sejenis yang tergandeng membentuk sebuah sel korosi basah sederhana. Sebutan lain untuk korosi logam tak sejenis adalah korosi dwilogam atau korosi galvanik. Untuk mengetahui tingkat kecenderungan korosi galvanik di gunakan deret galvanik. Deret ini mempunyai manfaat praktis besar sekali karena dapat memungkinkan memperkirakan secara cepat hambatan korosi pada suatu gandengan logam tak sejenis. Contoh dari sebuah deret adalah tabel 1 yang merupakan deret elektrokimia.<br />
Tabel 1 Potensial-potensial Reduksi Baku (KR. Trethewey)<br />
<br />
<b>Reaksi elektroda E0 (Volt)<br />
Au+ + c = Au +1.68<br />
Pt2+ + 2c = Pt +1.20<br />
Hg2+ + 2c = Hg +0.85<br />
Ag+ + c = Ag +0.80<br />
Cu2+ + 2c = Cu +0.34<br />
2h+ + 2c = H2 0.00<br />
Pb2+ + 2c = Pb - 0.13<br />
Sn2+ + 2c = Sn - 0.14<br />
Ni2+ + 2c = Ni - 0.25<br />
Cd2+ + 2c = Cd - 0.40<br />
Fe2+ + 2c = Fe - 0.44<br />
Cr3+ + 3c = Cr - 0.71<br />
Zn2+ + 2c = Zn - 0.76<br />
Al3+ + 3c = Al - 1.67<br />
Mg2+ + 2c = Mg - 2.34<br />
Na+ + c = Na - 2.71<br />
Ca2+ + 2c = Ca - 2.87<br />
K+ + c = K - 2.92<br />
</b><br />
Daftar ini membandingkan potensial-potensial reduksi (atau Oksidasi) logam-logam, tetapi berbeda dari deret galvanik beberapa hal:<br />
a. Deret elektrokimia memuat data elektrokimia yang bersifat mutlak dan kuantitatif untuk penggunaan dalam perhitungan-perhitungan teliti. Deret galvanik menyatakan hubungan antara logam yang satu dengan yang lain dibuat dari hasil perbandingan kualitatif atas aktivitas logam-logam.<br />
b. Deret elektrokimia harus dan hanya memuat data tentang unsur-unsur logam, sedangkan deret galvanik memuat informasi baik mengenai logam murni maupun paduan, dengan demikian mempunyai manfaat praktis lebih besar.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="height: 320px; margin-left: 96px; margin-top: 4px; position: absolute; width: 300px; z-index: -1;"><img height="320" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="300" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Deret Galvanik ( KR. Trethewey )</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Sebuah deret galvanik dapat dilihat pada gambar 3. Gambar ini memperlihatkan deret galvanik untuk sejumlah logam pada 25 oC dengan air sebagai elektrolit. Potensial-potensial yang di urutkan adalah gambar potensial-potensial korosi yang betul-betul bebas, dan pada umumnya dapat di tafsirkan bahwa semakin jauh letak dua logam dalam deret, makin parah korosi yang mungkin di alami oleh logam dengan aktivitas lebih besar.<br />
<br />
2. Korosi intergranuler<br />
<br />
Korosi yang terjadi bila daerah batas butir terserang akibat adanya endapan di dalamnya. Batas butir sering menjadi tempat yang di sukai untuk proses pengendapan (precipitation) dan pemisahan (segregation). Pisahan dan endapan berbeda jika dilihat dari pembentukannya. Bahan-bahan asing yang terdapat dalam struktur logam ada dua macam, yaitu :<br />
a. Logam antara (intermetalik atau unsur antara), yaitu unsur-unsur yang terbentuk dari atom logam-logam dan mempunyai rumus kimia yang mudah di kenali. Logam ini dapat bersifat anoda atau katoda terhadap logam utama.<br />
b. Senyawa, yaitu bahan yang terbentuk dari logam dan unsur-unsur bukan logam, seperti hidrogen, karbon, silikon, nitrogen dan oksigen.<br />
<br />
Pada dasarnya, setiap logam yang mengandung logam antara atau senyawa pada batas-batas butirnya akan rentan terhadap korosi intergranular.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. Korosi celah dan sumuran<br />
<br />
Korosi calah dan korosi sumuran merupakan dua bentuk korosi yang berbeda, tetapi dalam aspek mekanisme serta penerapannya membuat perbedaan antara keduanya sangat kecil.<br />
a. Mekanisme korosi celah<br />
Sebelumnya penggunaan korosi celah (Crevice Corrosion) hanya untuk serangan terhadap paduan-paduan yang oksidasinya terpastikan oleh ion-ion agresif seperti klorida dalam celah-celah atau daerah-daerah permukaan logam yang tersembunyai. Sekarang, korosi celah memperoleh banyak sebutan lain, diantaranya korosi aerasi diferensial dan korosi sel konsentrasi. Istilah-istilah inilah yang mengarah ke aspek mekanisme-mekanisme korosi didalam celah atau retakan. Selain dua istilah diatas ada juga nama-nama lain yang biasanya tidak umum seperti korosi deposit, korosi retakan, korosi paking, dan lain-lain.<br />
Korosi celah adalah serangan yang terjadi karana sebagian permukaan logam terhalang atau tersaing dari lingkungan di banding bagian yang lain logam.<br />
b. Korosi sumuran<br />
Korosi sumuran (Pitting Corotion) adalah korosi lokal yang secara selektif menyerang bagian permukaan logam, antara lain:<br />
1) Selaput pelindungnya tergores atau retak akibat perlakuan mekanik.<br />
2) Mempunyai tonjolan akibat dislokasi atau slip yang di sebabkan oleh tegangan tarik yang dialami atau tersisa.<br />
3) Mempunyai komposisi heterogen dengan adanya inklusi, segresi dan presipitasi.<br />
Contoh terjadinya korosi sumuran yaitu pada selembar baja lunak yang bersih di biarkan kehujanan dalam beberapa hari akan terkorosi dengan cepat dan ”karat” yang terbentuk akan berupa endapan keras, tonjolan-tonjolan bundar, pada bagian tertentu di mana titik-titik air menggenang lebih lama. Apabila “karat” kita sikat dengan sikat kawat maka akan terlihat lubang-lubang di tempat yang sama.<br />
c. Kerentanan bahan<br />
Lingkungan yang mudah untuk menimbulkan korosi sumuran dan celah adalah lingkungan yang mengandung kandungan ion klorida yang tinggi.<br />
<br />
Dalam lingkungan air laut, ketahanan paduan-paduan terhadap bentuk bentuk korosi ini telah di buatkan tingkatannya yang telah di lihat pada tabel 2. Dari tabel kita dapat melihat baja nirkarat buruk sekali di lingkungan air laut.<br />
<br />
4. Korosi erosi<br />
<br />
Korosi erosi adalah korosi yang terbentuk ketika logam terserang akibat gerak relative antara elektroit dan permukaan logam. Korosi ini terutama di akibatkan oleh efek-efek mekanik seperti pengausan, abrasi dan gesekan. Logam-logam lunak sangat mudah terkena korosi jenis ini, misalnya, tembaga, kuningan, aluminium murni dan timbal. Selain itu logam-logam lain juga rentan terhadap korosi ini, tetapi dalam kondisi-kondisi aliran tertentu.<br />
Tabel 2 Ketahanan relative logam-logam dan paduan-paduan dalam air laut tenang terhadap korosi celah ( KR.Trethewey )<br />
<br />
Logam atau paduan ketahanan<br />
Hassteloy C276 Lembam<br />
Titanium<br />
Tembaganikel (70/30) 0,5%Fe Baik<br />
Tembaganikel (90/10) 1,5%Fe<br />
Perunggu<br />
Kuningan<br />
Besi tuang austenitic Cukup<br />
Besi tuang<br />
Baja karbon<br />
Incoloy 825 Rendah<br />
Carpenter 20<br />
Tembaga<br />
Baja nirkarat 316 Buruk sumuran<br />
Padauan Ni-Cr pada celah-celah<br />
Baja nirkarat 304<br />
Baja nirkarat seri 4000<br />
<br />
Korosi erosi mudah dikenali karena dapat mnciptakan efek-efek yang agak aneh serta indah berupa ceruk-ceruk, lubang-lubang bundar atau parit-parit.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><img height="152" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Nozzle pada heat exchanger shell and tube yang mengalami korosi akibat erosi</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><img height="139" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Pipa kondensor dari kuningan Admiralty yang bocor akibat benturan uap basah.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Efek-efek khas yang dihasilkan oleh korosi erosi terjadi akibat ketergantungan laju erosi terhadap waktu. Pada permukaan lembut, laju erosi lambat, tetapi akan menjadi cepat apabila permukaanya semakin kasar. Apabila kekasaran permukaan telah mencapai kedalaman tertentu, selapis air akan menempel ke permukaan atau terperangkap dalam ceruk-ceruk, dan ini mengurangi efek erosi yang di timbulkan oleh aliran selanjutnya. Peronggan atau kavitasi adalah bentuk khusus korosi erosi yang di sebabkan oleh pembentukan dan pecahnya gelembung-gelembung uap di permukaan logam. Bentuk korosi ini cenderung lebih banyak dialami oleh komponen-komponen yang digerakkan dengan kecepatan tinggi dalam fluida, dari pada dalam pipa atau tanki di mana fluida mengalir terhadap permukaan logam yang diam. Jadi baling-baling kipas dan roda gigi turbin hidrolik adalah komponen-komponen yang paling mungkin menderita korosi peronggaan. Pada Gambar di bawah ini adalah contoh korosi peronggaan disepanjang tepi sebuah bilah baling-baling.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><img height="178" src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="320" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Peronggaan yang dialami oleh bilah baling-baling dari paduan tembaga.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Salah satu metode yang baik dalam pengendalian korosi peronggaan adalah menggunakan komponen-komponen yang halus dan rapi pengerjaanya sehingga tempat pembentukan gelembung semakin sedikit. Cara lain, dibuat selaput karet sebagai ketahanan terhadap korosi.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span> </span><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.id.answers.yahooo.com/">www.id.answers.yahooo.com</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.catatanhariansonya.blogspot.com/">www.catatanhariansonya.blogspot.com</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/">www.blogger.com</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><a href="http://www.luvlyly4.wordpress.com/">www.luvlyly4.wordpress.com</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">Halima. 2003. <i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">PENCEGAHAN KOROSI DAN SCALE PADA PROSES PRODUKSI MINYAK BUMI.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> Program Studi Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Sumatera Utara. Sumatra Utara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4933354954911351844.post-2402098093669751902011-05-04T06:41:00.005-07:002012-06-27T08:42:17.200-07:00ekonomi teknik perancangan pabrik kimia<b style="background-color: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b style="background-color: white; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa asumsi dengan menggunakan garis linier dalam penentuan Chemical engineering index (CEI) itu tidak tepat ?</span></i></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode penentuan harga peralatan pabrik dengan menggunakan persamaan garis linier atau yang lebih dikenal dengan garis lurus merupakan metode yang kurang tepat, hal itu dikarenakan harga peralatan pabrik setiap tahun tidaklah selalu naik atau dengan kata lain harga tersebut masih berkemungkinan untuk turun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Naik-turunnya harga peralatan pabrik tersebut biasanya disebabkan akan permintaan akan peralatan tersebut pada tahun tertentu. Jika permintaan akan peralatan tersebut tinggi maka harga peralatan akan meningkat dan begitu juga sebaliknya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari harga peralatan pabrik yang mengalami perubahan yang tidak menentu tiap tahunnya, maka nilai Chemical Engineering Index (CEI) juga akan mengalami perubahan tiap tahunnya. Jadi dari keterangan diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai Chemical Engineering Index (CEI) tidak dapat diperkirakan dengan menggunakan persamaan garis lurus karena nilai tiap tahunnya yang selalu mengalami perubahan.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengapa Chemical engineering index (CEI) tiap bulannya menalami kenaikan 1 angka ( 25% tingkat naik-turunnya) ?</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai Chemical engineering index </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(CEI) tiap tahunnya hampir dapat dipastikan akan mengalami perubahan tiap tahunnya. Perubahan nilai CEI tersebut biasanya mengalami kenaikan tiap tahunnya meskipun tidak menutup kemungkinan nilainya akan mengalmi penurunan pada tahun tertentu, hal itu terbukti dari CEI yang selama ini didapat. Berikut adalah daftar nilai CEI adri tahun :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tahun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chemical Engineering Index (CEI)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1997</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">386,5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1998</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">389,5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1999</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">390,6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2000</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">394,1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2001</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">394,3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2002</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 189pt;" valign="top" width="252"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">390,4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peningkatan nilai CEI tersebut rata-rata naik sebesar 25 %,hal tersebut dikarenakan banyaknya permintaan masyarakat akan produk tertentu ataupun suatu pabrik yang membutuhkan bahan baku yang lebih banyak sehingga mendorong para investor untuk membuat pabrik baru yang menyebabkan permintaan terhadap peralatan pabrik akan naik dan menyebabkan CEI menjadi naik.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebutkan metode-metode yang tepat untuk memprediksi harga peralatan pabrik selain cost index dan metode inflasi ekonomi?</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat beberapa metode untuk memperkirakan biaya peralatan pabrik yang antara lain yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Unit Cost Estimate</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan suatu metode yang biasanya digunakan untuk menghitung biaya <i>definitive</i> dan <i>preliminary.</i> Untuk dapat menghitung biaya peralatan dengan menggunakan metode yaitu dengan menggunakan rumus :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Faktor Lang</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode yang ditemukan oleh Lang pada tahun 1948 merupakan suatu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menghitung total biaya modal (<i>fixed capital cost</i>) sebagai fungsi dari harga peralatan dengan perhitungan secara matematis sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Cf = fl x Ce</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> C</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">f</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> : total biaya modal (<i>Fixed capital cost</i>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">C</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">e</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> : Total biaya pengiriman alat utama seperti Tangki penyimpanan, alat peenukar Panas, Reaktor,dll</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">F</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">l</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> : Faktor Lang (Tergantung dari proses pabriknya)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3,1 untuk Pabrik yang bahan prosesnya padatan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 4,7 untuk Pabrik yang bahan prosesnya fluida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3,6 untuk Pabrik yang bahan prosesnya padatan – fluida</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode ini merupakan metode yang biasanya digunakan untuk menghitung biaya <i>order-of-magnitude estimate.</i> metode ini dapat dihitung secara metematis dengan rumus :</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Fc<sub>n</sub></span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"> = <i>Fc</i>(<i>R</i>)<i><sup>n</sup></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan R adalah rasio kapasitas fasilitas baru terhadap kapasitas fasilitas lama. Untuk dapat menghitung perkiraan biaya menggunakan metode ini dibutuhkan data pangkat <sup>n</sup> diatas yang dapat dicari dengan table sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Biaya Investasi Per Satuan Kapasitas</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode ini merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menghitung perkiraan biaya untuk <i>order-of-magnitude estimate. </i>Metode ini dapat dihitung secara matematis dengan persamaan berikut ini :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk metode ini, dalam menentukan besarnya nilai kapasitas dapat dilihat pad tabel berikut ini :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metode Modular Gutrie</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Metode ini merupakan metode yang digunakan untuk menghitung biaya <i>preliminary cost. </i>Secara matematis metode ini dapat dihitung dengan persamaan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Keterangan :</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">TBM</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = total bare-module cost</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">site</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = site development cost </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 10-20% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (grass-root plant)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 4-6% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (perluasan)</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">building</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = building cost </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 10% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (alat berada di dalam ruang)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 20% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (gedung non-proses, grass-roots plant)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 5% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (gedung non-proses, perluasan)</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">offsite facilities</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = lihat tabel </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> + 5% <i>C</i><sub>TBM</sub> (utilitas lain)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Contingency (15%); </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Contractor fee (3%) </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">C</span></i><sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">wc</span></sub><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = working capital </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 15% <i>C</i><sub>TCI</sub> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = 17,6% <i>C</i><sub>TPI</sub></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Data=data yang diperlukan dalam perhitungan dengan persamaan diatas dapat dilihat dari table :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Rasio Turnover</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode turnover adalah metode yang menggunakan <i>orde of magnitude estimate.</i> Dimana untuk menghitung metode ini secara matematis dapat menggunakan persamaan berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode Rasio Capital</span></u></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode rasio capital merupakan suatu metode yang sifatnya berkebalikan dengan metode rasio turnover. Metode ini biasa juga disebut dengan rasio investasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut adalah contoh daftar rasio turnover pada tahun 1958 : </span><b> </b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagaimana penentuan harga alat dengan memperhatikan tigkat inflasi di suatu Negara tertentu ?</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap negara pastilah mempunyai tingkatan inflasi ekonomi tertentu tiap tahunnya. Inflasi itu sendiri merupakan suatu proses meningkatnya harga-harga secara umum dan terus-menerus (kontinu) berkaitan dengan mekanisme pasar yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai factor. Inflasi tersebut dapat mempengaruhi harga peralatan pabrik pada masa yang akan mendatang karena tingkat kebutuhan akan peralatan-peralatan pabrik sekarang cenderung selalu berbeda dengan masa yang akan datang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk memperkirakan harga peralatan pabrik dengan memperhatikan nilai inflasi suatu negara, sebelumnya haruslah diketahui terlebih dahulu nilai perkiraan inflasi yang dikeluarkan suatu negara melalui bank dengan tingkatan tertinggi yang ada di negaranya seperti bank Indonesia untuk negara Indonesia. Sehingga dengan mengetahui nilai perkiraan inflasi , perkiraan harga peralatan pabrik akan lebih baik daripada menggunakan metode lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut merupakan rumus untuk menentukan harga peralatna pabrik dengan memperhatikan nilai inflasi ekonomi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cest = { ( 1 + f’ ) x ( 1 + f’’ ) x ( 1 + f’’’ ) x ( 1 + f’’’<sup>+1</sup> ) } x Cpresent</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Keteangan :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">f : inflasi pada tahun tertentu</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cest : Harga perkiraan Alat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cpresent : Harga alat saat ini</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh perhitungan dari metode ini adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Harga suatu alat pabrik pada april 2010 yaitu sebesar Rp. 130.000,- . berapakah harga alat resebut pada bulan april 2014 jika inflasi dari tahun 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 berturut-turut yaitu sebesar 5,8% , 6,5 % , 6,75 % , 7 % ?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyelesain : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cest = { ( 1 + f’ ) x ( 1 + f’’ ) x ( 1 + f’’’ ) x ( 1 + f’’’<sup>+1</sup> ) } x Cpresent</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cest = { ( 1 + 0,58 ) x ( 1 + 0,65 ) x ( 1 + 0,675 ) x ( 1 + 0,7 ) } x Rp. 130.000</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Cest = Rp. 167. 313,-</span></div>Ardy Kristiantohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04358929885483853422noreply@blogger.com0